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MILITARY  PROTECTION 

UNITED  STATES  GUARDS 

The  Use  of  Organized  Bodies  in  the  Protection 

and  Defense  of  Property  During  Riots, 

Strikes,  and  Civil  Disturbances 


CORRECTED  TO  JULY  15,  1919 


WAR  PLANS  DIVISION 
OCTOBER,  1918 


War  Department 

Document  Nd.  38? 

Office  of  The  Adjuterl  Ce«:e;al 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1919 


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WAR  DEPARTMENT, 

Washington,  October  26,  1918. 

The  following  manual,  entitled  "  Military  Protection,  United 
States  Guards,"  is  published  for  the  information  and  guidance 
of  all  concerned. 
[062.1,  A.  G.  O.] 

By  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War: 

PEYTON  C.  MARCH, 

General,  Chief  of  Staff. 

Official  : 

P.  C.  HARRIS, 

The  Adjutant  General. 

(3) 


403291 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Foreword 7 

I .  Legal  aspect  of  riot  duty: 9 

II.  Assemblage  of  troops 10 

III.  Transportation  of  troops 11 

IV.  Motor  patrols 13 

V.  Important  general  rules  of  riot  duty 14 

VI .  The  importance  of  quelling  riots  in  their  incipient  stage  18 

VII .  Marching  through  and  clearing  city  streets 20 

VIII.  Attack  of  cities  when  armed  resistance  is  expected  or 

when  in  possession  of  the  enemy 23 

IX.  Meeting  and  dispersing  a  mob 26 

X.  Tactics 28 

XI.  Intelligence 52 

XII .  Legal 54 

XIII.  Aids  to  protection  at  night 66 

XIV.  Weapons 69 

XV.  Police  functions 71 

XVI .  Principles  for  officers 80 

Appendix  A 82 

Appendix  B 82 

I  udex 85 

(5) 


FOREWORD. 

1.  The  protection  of  utilities  necessary  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  present  war  is  one  of  the  most  important  duties  which  con- 
front the  military  authorities  at  this  time. 

2.  Our  domestic  conditions  are  such  that  many  communities 
are  subject  to  industrial  disturbances  and  sudden  outbreaks  of 
violence  or  the  constant  menace  of  any  element  of  unknown  size 
and  strength  with  which  our  forces  may  have  to  contend. 

3.  The  Militia  Bureau  has  endeavored  in  the  following  pages 
to  place,  in  compact  form,  practical  and  useful  information  on 
the  subject  of  such  duty  which  will  prove  serviceable  to  officers 
of  organizations  ordered  on  this  class  of  duty  and  enable  them  to 
handle  situations  with  which  they  may  have  to  deal,  such  as 
officers  of  the  United  States  Guards,  Ordnance  Guards,  and  other 
troops  which  may  be  called  upon  to  supplement  local  police  forces 
in  quelling  disturbances  which  have  passed  beyond  the  control 
of  the  civil  authorities. 

4.  Riot  service  is  one  of  the  most  distasteful  duties  which  sol- 
diers are  called  upon  to  perform,  and  the  officer  in  command  of 
such  troops  must  be  well  trained  in  order  to  prepare  his  com- 
mand for  such  a  task. 

5.  Acknowledgment  is  due  to  Lieut.  Col.  Byron  L.  Bargar,  au- 
thor of  "  The  Law  and  Customs  of  Riot  Duty  " ;  Maj.  Henry  A. 
Bellows'  "  Manual  for  Local  Defense,"  published  by  Macmillan 
Co. ;  and  to  Capt.  Richard  Stockton's  ( Second  Infantry,  National 
Guard,  New  Jersey)  "Manual  for  Officers  of  the  Organized 
Militia  and  Volunteers  of  the  United  States,"  for  the  free  use 
of  these  publications.  The  first  work  mentioned  is  particularly 
recommended  for  advanced  legal  study  of  the  subject. 

6.  The  Militia  Bureau  is  also  indebted  to  the  files  of  the  War 
College  Library  for  helpful  information. 

(7) 


v 


» »     »     * 


» » 


Chapter  I. 

LEGAL  ASPECTS  OF  RIOT  DUTY. 

Troops  of  the  Regular  Army  may  be  ordered  out  for  riot  duty 
under  the  following  conditions: 

1.  By  the  President. 

(a)  If  requested  by  any  State  and  if  after  investigation 
the  facts  warrant  it.  If  the  legislature  is  in  session  the 
request  must  be  made  by  that  body  ;  if  not  in  session,  then 
the  governor  may  make  the  request. 

(fr)  If  property  of  the  United  States  is  being  en- 
dangered or  destroyed,  or  if  the  rioters  are  interfering 
with  the  execution  of  Federal  laws  or  with  the  mails  of 
the  United  States.  The  troops  confine  themselves  abso- 
lutely to  matters  affecting  the  Federal  Government.  ( See 
Article  XLVII,  Army  Regulations,  1913,  corrected  to  April 
15,  1917.) 

2.  By  the  commanding  officer  of  troops  under  the  circum- 
stances cited  in  (&),  provided  the  emergency  is  so  imminent  as 
to  render  it  dangerous  to  await  instructions  requested  through 
the  speediest  means  of  communication.  In  this  case  the  com- 
manding officer  will  at  once  report  in  detail,  by  the  quickest  way, 
his  actions  to  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  and  the  adju- 
tant general  of  his  department. 

3.  Any  person  employing  any  part  of  the  Regular  Army  in 
riots  except  under  these  conditions  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor 
and,  on  conviction  thereof,  will  be  punishable  by  a  fine  not  ex- 
ceeding $10,000,  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding  two  years,  or  by 
both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

4.  After  the  troops  have  been  called  out,  the  military  alone 
must  decide  how  its  power  shall  be  used — the  civil  merely  says 
what  it  wishes  done ;  the  military  decides  how  it  shall  be  done^- 
Under  no  circumstances  can  Federal  troops  act  under  orders 
from  any  civil  officer  of  a  State  or  municipality ;  State  troops 
may  be  so  employed.  For  copy  of  order  of  civil  official  upon  a 
State  military  official,  see  Appendix  A. 

5.  A  riot  may  be  defined  as  "An  unlawful  assemblage  of  people 
of  threatening  attitude,  acting  in  concert,  with  disorder  and 
violence  and  determined  to  accomplish  some  injury  to  persons  or 
property  in  spite  of  any  resistance  which  may  be  offered,"  and, 
under  the  law,  the  killing  of  any  participant  in  the  riot  is  clearly 
justifiable,  if  the  riot  can  not  be  suppressed  by  less  violent  means. 

(9) 


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Chapter  II. 

ASSEMBLAGE  OF  TROOPS. 

6.  Troops  of  the  Regular  Army  assemble  according  to  their 
drill  regulations.  In  the  case  of  all  other  troops  the  arms  and 
equipment  of  such  forces  should  be  kept  in  some  secure  locality, 
such  as  an  armory.  A  system  of  notification  for  assemblage 
should  be  devised  by  the  use  of  telephone,  bells,  or  whistles. 
Men  should  proceed  to  the  place  of  assemblage  in  their  ordinary 
clothing,  in  order  to  prevent  their  being  seized  by  the  rioters 
before  they  reach  the  rendezvous.  The  men  first  reaching  the 
place  of  rendezvous  should  immediately  clear  the  streets  in  the 
vicinity  of  such  rendezvous  until  the  arrival  of  the  entire 
company. 

(10) 


■,         >  J  >  > 

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>  > }  >    >   > 


Chapter  III. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  TROOPS. 

7.  Troops  on  the  way  to  perform  riot  duty  should  always  use 
special  trains  or  automobiles.  It  is  improper  to  place  the  extra 
risk  of  attack  or  wreck  upon  civilian  passengers  of  regular  trains. 

8.  In  approaching  a  disorderly  crowd  do  not  use  automobiles 
or  motor  trucks,  much  less  street  cars,  if  it  involves  detraining 
without  protection.  Once  you  have  enough  men  on  the  scene  of 
action  to  cover  the  operation,  the  use  of  automobiles  and  trucks, 
particularly  the  latter,  for  bringing  up  reinforcements  is  most 
effective. 

9.  Should  there  be  any  hostile  feeling  at  the  point  of  entraining 
sufficient  troops  should  be  detached  to  keep  the  crowd  at  a  dis- 
tance until  the  remainder  are  entrained.  This  guard  would  then 
board  the  train,  protected,  if  necessary,  by  fire  from  the  troops 
already  entrained. 

10.  Guards  should  be  stationed  at  the  doors  of  the  cars.  A 
certain  number  of  the  troops  in  each  car  should  be  kept  equipped 
and  armed  and  held  available  for  action.  Men  should  also  be 
provided  to  protect  the  locomotive  and  baggage  cars. 

11.  When  troops  are  approaching,  by  train,  a  community  to 
which  they  have  been  ordered  for  riot  duty,  a  number  of  sharp- 
shooters should  be  placed  on  the  pilot,  as  well  as  on  the  tank  of 
the  engine  and  on  the  tops  of  coaches,  with  instructions  to  fire 
upon  any  person  committing  an  overt  act  against  the  troop  train. 
When  nearing  the  scene  of  disturbance  the  train  should  be  slowed 
down,  and  if  there  is  any  reason  to  believe  that  dynamite  may 
have  been  placed  on  the  track,  two  or  three  flat  cars  should  be 
placed  in  front  of  the  engine. 

12.  The  control  of  the  train  is  in  the  hands  of  the  railroad 
company,  through  its  crew.  However,  the  officer  commanding 
the  troops  should  not  hesitate  to  seize  it,  should  military  neces- 
sity, in  his  opinion,  so  demand.  In  so  doing  the  commanding 
officer  should  use  utmost  care  in  order  to  commit  no  act  that 
would  imperil  the  safety  of  the  troop  or  other  trains. 

(11) 


.  '    .    '    '    ' 

.      C      .      <    ,    ' 


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12 


13.  On  approaching  the  scene  of  the  disturbance  the  train  should 
be  halted  at  a  point  where  the  troops  will  have  an  opportunity 
to  detrain  without  an  attack.  It  is  unwise  to  attempt  to  detrain 
troops  in  the  face  of  opposition.  In  every  case  the  main  body  of 
troops  should  be  preceded  by  a  guard  to  drive  back  onlookers. 
While  the  guard  is  doing  this  work,  it  may,  if  necessary,  be  sup- 
ported by  fire  from  the  remaining  troops  on  the  train.  When  the 
work  of  the  guards  is  completed  the  remaining  troops  should 
detrain  and  form. 


1    >     1     ' 


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)     >  > 
>   >  > ' 


Chapter  IV. 
MOTOR  PATROLS. 

14.  Automobiles  can  always  be  used  to  advantage  in  the  trans- 
portation of  troops  from  one  portion  of  the  city  to  another ;  large 
automobile  trucks  and  similar  vehicles  being  especially  suited 
for  such  work. 

15.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  run  an  automobile  load  of 
troops  into  the  midst  of  a  large  crowd.  The  troops  should  dis- 
mount from  the  machines  at  some  little  distance  from  the  rioters 
and  advance  on  foot. 

16.  In  the  city,  and  to  a  great  extent  in  the  country  as  well, 
the  best  method  of  handling  patrols  is  by  automobile.  The  ordi- 
nary open  touring  car  will  hold  just  the  right  number  of  men, 
besides  the  driver ;  no  motor  patrol  should  be  of  less  than  four 
men  if  it  can  possibly  be  helped.  It  can  cover  a  great  amount  of 
ground ;  it  is  fast  enough  to  get  quickly  to  the  scene  of  any 
trouble;  it  provides  a  convenient  method  for  bringing  in  prison- 
ers; it  can,  at  need,  be  sent  for  reenf orcements ;  and,  also  at 
need,  it  can  accommodate  ten  or  a  dozen  men.  The  foot  patrol, 
by  comparison,  is  slow  and  inefficient  and  should  only  be  used 
in  a  few  crowded  sections  where  an  automobile  might  find  itself 
blocked.  The  system  of  motor  patrolling  should  be  laid  out  in 
accordance  with  the  military  districts  and  each  district  com- 
mander should  prepare  a  definite  time  and  route  schedule  for 
each  patrol.  Points  should  be  designated  and  times  set  at  which 
patrols  should  report  in  by  telephone.  Limousines  should  never 
be  used  for  motor  patrolling,  as  their  glass  is  too  tempting  to 
stones  or  shots.  The  tops  of  touring  cars  used  in  this  service 
should  always  be  folded  down.  A  considerable  part  of  the  ef- 
fectiveness of  the  motor  patrol  system  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  Is 
conspicuous;  a  would-be  trouble-maker's  ardor  is  considerably 
dampened  if  every  few  minutes  he  encounters  a  big  car  full  of 
uniformed  and  armed  men,  obviously  on  the  lookout  for  him. 

(13) 


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Chapter  V. 

IMPORTANT  GENERAL  RULES  OF  RIOT  DUTY. 

17.  The  proper  performance  of  riot  duty  requires  the  adop- 
tion of  and  adherence  to  general  plans  which  are  tests  of  the 
officers'  ability.  An  ambitious  officer  may,  by  decisive  action 
and  proper  disposition  of  troops,  acquire  fame. 

(a)  Troops  should  never  be  ordered  on  riot  duty  without  an 
ample  supply  of  ball  ammunition.  Blank  cartridges  should 
never  be  fired  at  a  mob.  If  ball  ammunition  is  expected  from 
the  first,  moral  effect  is  gained ;  it  will  not  have  to  be  used  more 
than  once,  if  at  all. 

(b)  Never  fire  over  the  heads  of  rioters.  The  aim  should  be 
low.  With  full  charged  ammunition  and  the  battle  sight,  the 
rifles  are  sighted  too  high  for  the  average  riot  distance  and  are 
very  likely  to  wound  some  innocent  person  in  the  distance.  If 
anyone  is  to  be  hurt  it  should  be  the  rioters. 

(c)  Temporizing  with  a  mob  is  usually  an  exhibition  of  poor 
judgment.  It  not  only  indicates  weakness,  but  is  injurious  to 
the  discipline  of  the  troops.  A  vacillating  commander  can  not 
command  obedience  from  his  own  force,  how  can  he  expect  to 
control  a  mob? 

(d)  A  low  power  cartridge  is  preferable  for  the  usual  riot 
duty.  Riot  shotguns  with  buckshot  ammunition  are  effective 
at  close  ranges. 

yj-  (e)  Officers  and  men  should  not  fear  reprisal  in  case  one  or 

more  people  are  killed.  The  laws  of  most  -States  and  the  com- 
mon law  which  prevails  in  others  provide  that  if  it  is  not  proven 
that  the  killing  was  through  mere  malice,  wantonness,  or  cruelty, 
a  soldier  is  not  punishable  for  such  an  act,  even  though  he  uses 
bad  judgment.  When  an  act  is  committed  by  command  of  a 
superior  it  is  the  superior  who  is  responsible,  unless  the  com- 
mand was  manifestly  illegal  as  soon  as  given.  A  subordinate 
is  usually  quite  safe  in  accepting  all  commands  given. 

(f)  A  subordinate  should  never  be  placed  on  riot  duty  with 
any  definite  restrictions  as  to  the  amount  of  force  to  be  used. 

(14) 


15 

Sentries,  patrols,  or  others  detached  from  their  superiors  should 
be  instructed  to  use  whatever  force  may  be  necessary  to  carry 
out  their  orders  and  no  more. 

(g)  Infantry  should  use  great  care  in  using  bayonets  against 
a  mob  many  times  larger.  If  a  large  mob  is  allowed  to  surround 
the  troops  and  hand  to  hand  fighting  results,  the  soldiers  lose  the 
advantage  of  both  their  superior  weapons  and  their  training,  with 
the  probable  result  of  greater  bloodshed,  if  not  defeat,  for  the 
troop*.  Cavalry  may  be  used  to  advantage  against  a  mob  many 
times  its  size  without  resorting  to  rifle  or  revolver  fire.  With 
well-trained  horses,  cavalry,  assisted  by  infantry,  can  best  per- 
form riot  duty.  The  soldiers'  weapons  against  a  mob  are  the 
point  of  the  bayonet,  rifle  fire,  and,  when  mounted,  a  horse,  a 
pistol,  saber,  or  spear. 

(h)  Men  in  the  front  of  a  mob  may  be  willing  to  retreat  but 
may  be  prevented  by  pressure  from  behind.  In  such  cases  a 
frontal  attack  is  useless.  When  troops  meet  a  closely  packed 
crowd  that  can  not  give  way  parties  should  be  detached  to  flank 
the  crowd  and  break  up  its  rear.  The  flanking  parties  should 
begin  their  work  first.  The  frontal  party  should  content  itself 
with  preventing  any  great  disorder  or  any  advances  by  the 
crowd  until  the  work  of  the  flankers  is  well  under  way,  when  it 
should  disperse  the  crowd  before  it. 

(i)  Troops  should  never  be  marched  through  crowded  streets 
in  times  or  places  of  riot,  even  though  the  crowd  may  not  seem 
particularly  hostile.  In  time  of  riots  the  streets  should  be 
kept  clear  and  crowds  dispersed  as  the  troops  proceed,  otherwise 
should  any  incident  cause  trouble  the  troops  may  be  caught  at 
a  disadvantage. 

0')   Rioters   should   not  be  permitted   to   throw   missiles   at  v 
troops,  even  though  they  be  of  such  nature  that  they  cause  no 
serious  injury.     It  lessens  respect  for  the  troops  and  thereby 
increases  the  rioting. 

(k)  Crowds  should  not  be  allowed  to  form.  Everyone  should 
be  kept  moving  constantly  and  all  small  groups  broken  up.  With 
no  crowds  there  are  no  mobs ;  with  no  mobs  there  are  no  serious 
riots.  The  managers  of  theaters  and  places  of  amusement  in 
affected  neighborhoods  should  be  instructed  that  no  sentiments 
antagonistic  to  the  restrictions  of  law  and  order  will  be  per- 
mitted. 

18.  If  troops  start  to  execute  a  duty  ordered  by  proper  au- 
thority, there  should  be  no  stopping  until  the  desired  results  are 


♦  '  <      «  .  •      I 

,  '    '    ' 


*• 


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16 

accomplished,  even  though  it  becomes  necessary  to  use  extreme 
force.     An  appearance  of  retreat  or  of  temporizing  with  the 
crowd  will  have  very  bad  effects  and  cause  worse  rioting. 
/  19.  When  soldiers  are  called  upon  for  aid  by  the  civil  authori- 

ties, it  is  to  be  assumed  that  it  is  soldiers,  with  soldiers'  weapons, 
that  are  needed.  Otherwise  civilians  should  be  sworn  in  as 
special  officers  and  armed  with  policemen's  weapons.  Troops 
should  not  be  called  for  until  all  means  of  restoring  order  have 
been  tried  by  the  civil  authorities  and  failed,  then  recourse  should 
be  had  to  State  forces,  then  to  Federal  forces,  unless  protection 
by  law  falls  first  upon  the  Federal  Government. 

20.  Troops  are  called  upon  to  put  down  disorder,  absolutely 
and  promptly,  with  as  little  force  as  possible.     In  the  majority 
of  cases  the  way  to  accomplish  this  is  to  use  at  once  all  force 
necessary  to  stop  disorder. 
^  21.  Officers  of  troops  aiding  civil  authorities  should  not  permit 

the  latter  to  indicate  how  their  duties  should  be  performed.  The 
civilians  may  tell  the  military  authorities  what  to  do,  but  how 
it  is  to  -be  done  and  the  amount  of  force  to  be  used  are  purely 
military  and  tactical  questions  to  be  decided  by  the  military 
officers.  In  case  martial  law  is  declared  the  civil  authorities 
have  no  power  whatsoever. 

22.  Act  promptly.     Do  not  appear  to  hesitate. 

23.  Troops  should  never  approach  a  crowd,  too  large  to  make 
prisoners,  in  such  a  way  that  it  is  hemmed  in  on  all  sides.  If  a 
crowd  has  no  retreat,  resistance  may  be  greater. 

24.  Officers  should  not  neglect  to  provide  a  suitable  reserve 
party,  no  matter  how  weak  that  may  make  the  attacking  force. 
It  is  for  the  commanding  officer  to  decide  whether  or  not  he  will 
attempt  a  bayonet  attack  against  a  large  crowd,  the  alternative 
being  a  warning  to  disperse  and  immediate  rifle  fire.  If  the 
bayonet  attack  is  attempted,  provision  must  be  made  for  the 
final  victory  in  case  the  more  lenient  measure  results  in  defeat. 

25.  When  necessary,  a  few  sharpshooters  or  expert  riflemen 
may  be  placed  on  roofs  and  in  high  windows  to  fire  over  the 
heads  of  those  in  the  front  of  the  crowd  and  break  up  the  rear. 
Sharpshooters  so  placed  are  also  very  efficient  in  breaking  up  the 
practice  of  throwing  stones  or  other  missiles  at  the  troops  from 
the  rear  of  the  crowd,  as  a  sharpshooter  from  such  a  point  of 
vantage  can  pick  off  individuals  who  so  offend. 

v  26.  Never  try  to  bluff  a  mob. — Never  threaten  to  do  things 

you  do  not  intend  to  do  or  that  you  can  not  do  or  that  you 


17 

know  would  be  illegal  if  you  did  do  them.  Should  your  "  bluff  " 
be  called,  the  mob  would  then  neither  respect  nor  fear  you  and 
the  result  would  probably  be  that  the  mob  would  become  more 
lawless  and  outrageous. 

27.  Give  your  men  weapons  they  can  use  and  which  the  crowd 
knows  they  are  ready  to  use.  It  follows  that  an  unloaded  rifle 
or  revolver  on  active  service  is  little  short  of  a  crime.  An  officer 
who  sends  his  men  out  to  disperse  a  crowd  with  empty  rifles 
deserves  .to  have  half  of  them  brought  back  as  casualties.  Blank 
cartridges  are  covered  by  the  same  rule:  there  is  absolutely  no 
excuse  for  ever  issuing  them  to  men  going  out  on  active  service. 
Nothing  will  do  more  to  encourage  a  crowd  to  violence  than 
the  feeling  that  the  force  holding  or  attempting  to  hold  it  in 

check  is  "  throwing  a  bluff  "  and  rifles  or  even  shotguns  not 1 

intended  for  use  against  a  crowd  before  it  becomes  a  mob, 
except  when  held  with  the  reserves,  are  always  more  or  less 
patent  bluffs. 

28.  The  ruffian  element  of  a  community  always  takes  ad- 
vantage of  a  riot  to  commit  acts  of  lawlessness  and  frequently 
they  cause  the  most  trouble.  These  people  are  entitled  to  abso- 
lutely no  consideration  and  should  be  handled  with  a  severe 
hand. 

29.  In  case  of  a  general  riot,  the  troops  should  not  be  divided 
into  numerous  small  detachments  to  quell  minor  disorders  at 
various  scattered  points.  Detached  engagements  without  deci- 
sive or  material  results  do  nothing  but  exhaust  the  troops  and 
encourage  the  rioters. 

30.  By  means  of  detectives,  or  scouts  in  civilian  clothing,  the 
commanding  officer  should  keep  himself  constantly  informed  of 
the  movements  and  purposes  of  the  rioters. 

128298—19 2 


Chapter  VI. 

THE  IMPORTANCE  OF  QUELLING  RIOTS  IN  THEIR 

INCIPIENT  STAGE. 

31.  Mobs  are,  by  their  very  nature,  peculiarly  liable  to  dejec- 
tion or  elation ;  they  sneak  into  their  hiding  places  or  swarm  into 
the  streets  directly  as  they  fail  or  succeed.  Without  discipline 
they  can  neither  be  checked  in  the  excesses  that  follow  victory 
nor  rallied  from  the  discouragement  that  follows  defeat.  Beaten 
or  energetically  handled,  the  rioter  finds  himself  deserted  by 
his  erstwhile  friends. 

32.  The  fact  that  there  are  in  society  so  many  professional 
agitators,  so  many  anarchists,  socialists,  thieves,  cutthroats, 
vagabonds,  and  ruffians,  who,  with  the  instinct  of  the  vulture, 
will  seek  the  field  of  prey,  on  the  one  hand,  and,  on  the  other, 
with  the  instinct  of  the  rat,  desert  the  sinking  ship,  renders  it 
absolutely  necessary  that  the  mob  shall  not  be  trifled  with  to  the 
extent  even  of  permitting  them  to  seem  to  be  victorious  for  a 
single  day. 

33.  Psychologically  at  first  mobs  are  cowards.  They  only  gain 
courage  as  they  find  that  those  whose  duty  it  is  to  suppress  them 
are  themselves  cowards.  A  mob  is  not  to  be  feared  when  it  is 
first  aroused. 

34.  It  is  only  as  its  passion  for  carnage  is  whetted  by  taste  of 
blood  or  its  greed  for  pillage  is  gratified  that  it  becomes  dan- 
gerous. Upon  whomsoever  devolves  the  duty  of  suppression  let 
this  be  his  first  effort :  Check  at  the  very  beginning ;  allow  no 
tumultuous  gathering ;  permit  no  delay ;  a  few  stern,  resolute 
words;  if  these  be  not  heeded,  then  strike  resolutely,  boldly; 
let  there  be  no  hesitation ;  if  necessary,  take  life  at  the  outset. 
It  will  be  more  merciful  to  take  one  life  than  to  suffer  the  mob  to 
take  the  lives  of  many  later. 

35.  Nothing  so  emboldens  a  crowd  as  passive  resistance,  and 
it  should  never  be  allowed.  Any  man  in  a  crowd,  on  a  roof,  or  at 
a  window  who  is  seen  to  fire  a  shot,  throw  a  stone  or  other  mis- 

/     sile,  or  assault  a  soldier  should  be  shot  down  by  a  sharpshooter. 

(18) 


19 

36.  Mobs,  as  a  rule,  are  made  up  of  cowards,  not  neces- 
sarily physical  cowards,  but  moral  cowards — moral  cowards 
because  of  their  consciousness  of  being  in  the  wrong,  of  being 
lawless.  The  most  cowardly  members  of  a  mob  are  generally  in 
the  rear,  which  is,  therefore,  the  weakest,  the  most  vulnerable 
part.  Having  neither  discipline  nor  organization,  the  very  mo- 
ment a  break  is  started,  the  rest  will  follow  like  so  many  sheep. 
The  logical  point  to  attack  mobs  is,  therefore,  the  rear  and 
flank.  If  it  be  not  practicable  to  send  a  part  of  the  command  to 
attack  in  rear,  practically  the  same  result  can  be  obtained  by 
dispatching,  if  practicable,  sharpshooters  to  the  roofs  or  upper 
stories  of  houses,  from  which  they  can  pick  oft  rioters  in  the  rear 
of  the  mob.  The  picking  off  of  a  few  rioters  there  will  gen- 
erally cause  others  to  flee  and  they  in  turn  will  be  joined  by  the 
rest  of  the  mob. 

37.  Attention  is  invited  to  the  fact  that  although  a  number  of 
persons  in  the  front  of  a  mob  might  be  killed  and  wounded,  the 
rest  would  not  be  able  to  get  away  because  the  crowd  in  rear, 
many  of  whom  would  not  even  know  what  had  happened 
in  front,  would  act  as  a  barrier,  while,  of  course,  those  in  front 
would  not  flee  in  the  direction  of  the  main  body  of  soldiers. 

38.  A  squad  of  police  should  accompany  each  body  of  troops 
for  the  purpose  of  making  arrests.  They  may  march  in  the  line 
of  file  closers  or  inside  a  hollow  square,  sallying  forth  from  time 
to  time  to  make  such  arrests  as  may  be  necessary  and  returning 
with  their  prisoners. 

39.  When  approaching  the  scene  of  trouble,  advance  guard 
main  body,  rear  guard — the  hollow  square  formation — or  some 
other  suitable  formation,  should  be  assumed,  the  front  and  rear 
companies  extending  curb  line  to  curb  line  and  selected  sharp- 
shooters walking  on  both  sidewalks  so  as  to  be  able  to  cover  the 
windows  and  roofs  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  street. 

Under  no  circumstances  should  a  crowd  be  permitted  to  stand 
on  the  sidewalks  while  troops  are  marching  through  the  street. 


Chapteb  VII. 

MARCHING  THROUGH  AND  CLEARING  CITY  STREETS. 

40.  In  many  instances  it  will  be  necessary  for  the  commanding 
officer  to  march  his  troops  to  the  scene  of  disorder  through  a 
section  of  a  town  or  city  where  rioters  or  insurgents  may  be 
attempting  to  impede  the  progress  of  the  troops.  Unless 
promptly  and  effectually  cleared  out  this  class  of  opposition 
may  be  attended  by  difficult  obstacles  and  many  casualties. 
The  street  column  formation  may  be  used  advantageously,  but 
there  is  always  danger  of  shots  or  missiles  from  the  roofs  of 
buildings  where  miscreants  of  the  bushwhacker  type  have 
stationed  themselves.  To  resist  attacks  of  this  nature  a  group 
of  advance  detachments  may  be  employed  near  the  walls  of 
the  buildings. 

41.  Commanders  can  prevent  individuals  from  firing  or 
throwing  missiles  from  upper  windows  and  roofs  by  selecting 
eight  good  shots  (experts  or  sharpshooters)  to  precede  the  com- 
pany by  a  few  paces,  four  upon  each  side.  It  is  their  duty  to 
watch  the  windows  and  roofs  on  the  side  of  the  street  opposite 
them  and  to  glance  down  all  side  streets  and  alleys.  Other  men 
may  be  similarly  employed  in  the  rear  of  the  command.  The 
company  or  main  body  may  be  marched  in  column  of  squads, 
column  of  platoons,  or  in  line.  The  men  acting  as  sharpshooters 
fire  promptly,  if  so  instructed,  whenever  they  see  a  person  about 
to  throw  something  or  fire  at  the  troops.  Usually  it  will  be  suffi- 
cient to  shatter  the  window  or  hit  the  ledge  of  the  roof  rather 
than  the  person,  but  when  these  attacks  become  serious  the 
sharpshooters  should  aim  directly.  These  sharpshooters  should 
be  under  the  command  of  an  officer  especially  fitted  for  the 
work. 

42.  The  first  right-hand  man  will  look  straight  ahead  and 
down  area  ways,  into  stairways  and  other  places  of  concealment 
on  his  side  of  the  street.  The  other  three  right-hand  men  will 
watch  the  windows  and  the  housetops  on  the  opposite  (left)  side 
of  the  street.     The  four  left-hand  men  will   perform  similar 

(20) 


21 

duties,  the  first  looking  into  halls  and  dark  entries  and  the  other 
three  watching  windows  and  the  housetops  on  the  right  side 
of  the  street.  Members  of  this  street  detachment  should  have 
orders  to  tire  in  time  to  prevent  the  injury  or  death  from  ambush 
of  any  member  of  the  military  force.  When  the  proximity  of  a 
mob  causes  the  street  detachment  to  close  in  on  the  main  body, 
the  men  who  composed  it  can  still  perform  the  special  duty  of 
watching  housetops,  etc. 

43.  Troops  marching  through  streets  should  always  have  ad- 
vance and  rear  parties.  The  advance  party  drives  the  crowd 
before  by  the  use  of  bayonets  and  the  rear  party  prevents  the 
crowd  from  closing  in  on  the  troops'  rear.  The  strength  of  such 
parties  will  vary  with  the  number  of  troops  and  the  size  and  the 
temper  of  the  crowd. 

These  parties  may  be  reenforced  from  the  main  body  as  the 
occasion  requires,  but  under  all  circumstances  a  portion  of  the 
main  body  should  be  held  as  a  reserve. 

44.  It  may  be  necessary  to  cover  a  number  of  parallel  streets 
with  bodies  of  troops  as  just  described.  •  When  all  columns  reach 
the  same  cross  street,  communication  should  be  established  and 
then  the  forward  movement  is  resumed. 

If  columns  are  stopped  in  the  middle  of  the  block,  those  reach- 
ing the  cross  streets  are  in  position  to  attack  the  flanks  of  the 
obstruction. 

45.  Use  of  bayonet. — The  bayonet  is  the  greatest  moral  factor 
in  well-trained  troops.  When  the  mob  is  to  be  dispersed,  the 
bayonet  should  first  be  resorted  to  without  hesitation.  The  only 
qualification  is  that  an  order  to  disperse  should  first  be  given,  so 
that  it  can  be  heard,  in  the  event  that  the  mob  is  not  actually 
engaged  in  the  commission  of  a  felony  which  prohibits  waste  of_j 
time.  Mounted  troops  armed  with  ax  handles  or  sticks  are  very 
effective  in  dispersing  mobs.  Water  from  a  fire  hose  may  some- 
times be  used  with  good  results.  Lachrymatory  or  tear  gas  is 
also  efficient.  The  use  of  the  butt  of  the  rifle  on  the  toes  of  the 
front  rank  of  a  timid  mob  has  been  known  to  work  well.  This, 
however,  is  attended  with  danger  that  aggressive  rioters  may 
wrest  the  piece  from  the  hands  of  the  soldiers. 

46.  In  some  cases  women  and  children,  a  number  of  the  former  / 
carrying  babes  in  their  arms,  have  been  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
mobs.     In  such  cases  the  mob  should  be  attacked  in  rear.     A 
small  force  can  almost  always  completely  demoralize  the  rear  of 

a  mob,  and  mobs  should,  whenever  practicable,  be  so  attacked. 


22 

47.  Night  guards. — Where  large  areas  are  to  be  covered  at 
night  a  system  of  picket  posts  and  sentries  is  often  advisable. 
Protective  lighting,  as  hereinafter  described,  is  also  very  ad- 
vantageous. 

(a)  A  reserve  is  established  and  furnished  with  means  of 
quick  transportation  with  which  squads  may  be  carried  to  any 
point  where  disorder  exists. 

(b)  In  neighborhoods  deemed  to  be  dangerous  two  sentries 
should  be  assigned  to  each  post,  even  at  the  cost  of  curtailing 
the  number  of  posts. 

(c)  A  lone  sentry  at  the  corner  of  two  alleys  at  night  is  a 
temptation  to  the  vicious.  His  attention  may  be  attracted  and 
engaged  by  one  ruffian  while  he  is  quietly  sandbagged  from  be- 
hind by  another.  Conversation  by  sentries  not  in  line  of  duty 
should  be  prohibited.  The  appearance  of  friendliness  by  a  rioter 
may  be  the  cloak  for  an  intended  crime. 


Chapter  VIII. 

ATTACK  OF  CITIES  WHEN  ARMED  RESISTANCE  IS 
EXPECTED  OR  WHEN  IN  POSSESSION  OF  THE 
ENEMY. 

48.  The  battalion,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  working  unit 
under  such  circumstances,  has  four  objectives : 

(a)  The  clearing  away  of  all  opposition. 

( b )  Searching  for  arms,  etc. 

(c)  Collecting  arms. 

( d )  Providing  a  guard  for  the  occupied  section. 

49.  Under  the  first  objective  a  force  assigned  to  clear  away 
opposition  in  a  street  should  be  organized  into  the  following 
groups : 

(a)  Street  detachment. 

(b)  Roof  detachment. 

(c)  Searching  detachment. 

(d)  Main  body. 

The  strength  of  the  detachments  will  depend  upon  the  amount 
of  opposition  encountered ;  generally  one  or  two  squads  are 
sufficient  for  each  detachment. 

(a)  The  street  detachment. — This  unit  operates  along  the 
street  and  in  advance  of  the  searching  detachment.  It  clears 
away  all  opposition  in  the  street,  in  windows,  doors,  window 
porches,  etc.  It  advances  from  one  cross  street  to  the  near  side 
of  the  next,  and  then  awaits  orders.  The  advance  is  made  with 
a  column  of  files  on  each  side  of  the  street,  such  cover  as  is 
afforded  by  doors,  windows,  etc.,  being  utilized.  When  the  next 
cross  street  is  reached  the  detachment  does  not  cross  it,  but 
responds  from  concealed  positions  to  any  hostile  fire  delivered 
from  the  adjacent  blocks  on  the  cross  street.  This  action  com- 
bined with  that  of  the  roof  detachments  should  clear  out  any 
opposition  on  the  cross  street. 

After  opposition  on  the  cross  street  is  disposed  of  and  the 
roof  detachment  of  the  same  organization  has  reached  the  top 
of  the  houses  at  the  near  side  of  the  cross  street,  word  is  sent 

(23) 


24 

to  the  officer  commanding  the  street  detachment.  After  the 
searching  detachment  has  completed  its  work,  he  has  a  flag 
or  handkerchief,  etc.,  raised  in  the  cross  street  to  indicate  his 
readiness  for  a  new  advance. 

The  commander  of  the  street  detachment,  after  assuring  him- 
self of  the  readiness  of  all  troops,  signals  by  his  whistle,  etc., 
for  the  entrance  into  the  next  block,  which  should  be  made  simul- 
taneously by  the  whole  group. 

( b )  The  roof  detachment  should  be  under  charge  of  an  officer 
or  experienced  noncommissioned  officer;  it  is  divided  into  two 
sections — one  for  each  side  of  the  street.  These  sections  gain 
the  roofs  at  once  and  gradually  advance  as  far  as  practicable 
from  roof  to  roof  until  the  last  roof  of  the  block  is  reached. 
From  this  point  the  detachment  disposes  of  any  opposition  located 
on  roofs  or  in  houses  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  cross  street  it 
is  operating  on.  The  fire  of  this  detachment  must  be  directed  to 
its  front.  Flank  and  cross  fire  would  endanger  friendly  troops. 
The  detachment  remains  on  the  roofs  of  the  houses  on  the  near 
side  of  the  cross  street  until  a  new  roof  detachment  has  gained 
the  roofs  of  the  houses  on  the  far  side.  When  this  action  is 
about  to  be  taken  the  old  roof  detachment  should  be  so  informed. 
The  old  roof  detachment  joins  its  main  body  when  the  new 
(advance)  roof  detachment  is  in  place. 

(c)  The  searching  detachment  works  in  as  many  groups  as 
practicable,  designated  as  needed  by  the  officer  in  command  of 
the  street.  These  parties  systematically  search  every  building 
and  yard  and  every  room  in  every  building  of  its  half  of  the 
block.  Houses  may  be  frequently  approached  with  less  opposi- 
tion from  interior  courts  or  yards,  as  the  danger  is  generally 
expected  by  the  occupants  thereof  from  the  street.  The  search 
must  be  very  thorough,  probable  hiding  places  discovered,  etc. 
The  principal  object  of  this  slow  and  deliberate  occupation  of 
the  town  is  to  secure  all  arms  during  the  first  stages  of  occu- 
pancy and  thus  prevent  sniping  and  disturbances  later  on.  The 
importance  of  this  work  must  be  impressed  on  the  men.  All  arms 
and  ammunition  found  by  the  detachment  are  placed  in  the  street 
in  one  pile  for  each  block. 

Special  details  should  be  made  under  the  charge  of  an  officer 
for  the  collection  of  arms.  Carts,  etc.,  should  be  impressed  and 
used  for  this  purpose.  The  arms,  piled  in  each  block  by  the 
firing  line,  should  be  carted  to  some  cent  ral  place  in  the  battalion 
section  and  held  for  orders  from  highei  authority. 


25 

(d)  The  mam  body  of  the  street  force  is  utilized  to  reinforce 
the  street,  searching,  etc.,  detachments.  This  force  is  held  under 
cover  of  a  cross  street  until  the  next  cross  street  \s  cleared, 
when,  by  a  rapid  advance,  it  gains  the  cover  of  that  street.  New 
roof  detachments,  etc.,  are  then  made  for  the  next  advance. 

50.  As  the  firing  line  clears  out  the  various  blocks  guards 
should  be  detailed  from  the  searching  detachment  to  observe 
this  part  of  the  district  and  to  watch  the  arms  until  the  collecting 
detail  has  taken  them  away.  Guards  should  immediately  inspect 
areas  assigned  them  to  see  that  no  houses  have  been  overlooked 
by  the  searching  parties.  In  some  cases  where  resistance  is 
particularly  bitter  it  may  be  necessary  to  evict  all  the  inhabitants 
of  some  blocks. 

51.  The  support  may  find  frequent  opportunity  for  a  free 
advance  on  one  street  with  the  object  of  flanking  the  barricades, 
etc.,  on  another. 


Chapter  IX. 
MEETING  AND  DISPERSING  A  MOB. 

52.  On  approaching  the  rioters  the  commanding  officer  should 
carefully  view  the  situation  and  make  his  disposition. 

53.  When  the  crowd  is  not  very  deep  the  commanding  officer 
may  make  a  frontal  attack.  He  should,  if  possible,  warn  the 
crowd  to  disperse,  m  the  troops  remaining  in  motion.  In  many 
cases  the  mere  steady  advance  of  the  troops  will  cause  the  crowd 
to  fall  back. 

54.  In  making  any  attack  on  mobs,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  troops  coming  into  contact  with  a  mob  are  usually  greatly 
outnumbered.  Their  weapons  used  as  clubs  are  heavy  and  un- 
wieldy, and  if  hand-to-hand  fighting  ensues,  it  will  probably 
result  in  the  defeat  of  the  troops.  It  should,  therefore,  be  a  rule 
of  riot  duty  not  to  permit  serious  hand-to-hand  fighting  to  take 
place.  According  to  military  principles,  the  easy  and  proper 
way  to  prevent  it  would  be  at  once  to  defeat  the  crowd  from 
a  distance  by  the  use  of  rifle  fire.  However,  a  natural  desire  to 
avoid  killing  fellow  countrymen  will  in  most  cases  prompt  the 

I    commanding  officer  first  to  try  the  use  of  the  bayonets. 

55.  Should  the  mob  break  through  the  attacking  party  the 
time  for  the  reserve  to  begin  firing  will  be  at  hand.  Ordinarily 
the  troops  will  be  deployed  in  strong  lines  or  columns  the  full 
width  of  the  street  before  the  mob  is  encountered.  These  lines 
may  be  so  arranged  that  they  can  be  successively  turned  so  as 
to  force  the  mob  down  the  various  highways  which  lead  from 
the  place  of  assembly.  There  are  instances  where  the  men  can 
advance  at  port  arms  and  the  butt  end  of  a  musket  can  be  swung 
forward  when  occasion  demands. 

56.  The  use  of  the  butt  of  the  rifle  against  mobs  is  always 
attended  with  the  danger  that  the  rifle  may  be  seized  and 
wrested  from  the  grasp  of  the  soldier.  Soldiers  should  be  im- 
pressed with  the  idea  that  the  business  end  of  his  weapon  is 
the  point  of  the  bayonet  and  the  muzzle,  which  should  be  kept 
toward  the  enemy. 

(26) 


27 

57.  If  soldiers  are  acting  lawfully  in  the  line  of  their  duty  in 
suppressing  a  riot,  and  the  mob  or  any  members  thereof  makes 
an  attack  upon  them  which  endangers  the  life  of  one  or  more 
soldiers,  rifle  fire  may  be  resorted  to  in  resisting  the  attack  and 
defending  the  lives  of  the  men  of  the  command.  Whatever  force 
is  requisite  is  lawful.  When  a  mob  is  first  encountered  unneces- 
sary hesitation  of  troops  will  have  a  bad  effect ;  things  must  be 
done  sternly  and  promptly.  An  order  to  disperse  before  making 
an  attack  is  necessary  where  civil  authorities  are  in  control, 
except  where  a  mob  is  in  the  actual  perpetration  of  a  felony 
when  first  encountered.  It  may  be  advisable  to  give  the  mem- 
bers of  the  mob  two  or  three  minutes  in  which  to  disperse.  If 
such  order  is  disregarded,  then  use  the  bayonet  unless  members 
of  the  mob  actually  open  fire  upon  the  troops. 

58.  Verbal  abuse. — Little  attention  need  be  paid  to  oral 
insults,  but  to  prevent  verbal  abuse  from  working  the  rioters 
up  to  overt  acts  the  taking  of  a  few  prisoners  is  sometimes 
advisable.  An  officer  should  not  make  a  speech  to  the  mob 
in  which  he  threatens  rifle  fire  for  commission  of  a  misdemeanor. 
Such  threats  have  the  effect  of  a  dare  and  should  therefore  be 
avoided.  — 


Chapter  X. 
TACTICS. 

59.  The  tactics  will  be  determined  in  every  case  by  the  nature 
of  the  problem  the  commander  is  required  to  solve.  He  may  be 
called  on  to  do  anything  from  arresting  a  single  criminal  in 
uninhabited  country  to  fighting  a  pitched  battle  with  an  armed 
mob  in  the  city  streets.  It  is  impossible  to  lay  down  rules  appli- 
cable throughout  so  broad  a  field.  Four  main  types  of  tactics 
may  be  indicated : 

(a)  Crowd,   (&)   mob,   (c)   open  country,  and  (d)  interior. 

Definition  of  Crowds  and  Mobs. 

60.  Of  these  four  types,  crowd  tactics  are  by  far  the  most 
important.  Every  mob  starts  as  a  crowd  and,  since  the  first 
object  is  to  prevent  the  crowd  from  developing  into  a  mob,  it  is 
clear  that  a  sound  system  of  crowd  tactics,  effectively  carried 
out,  will  fulfill  the  mission  of  the  troops.  Most  trouble  in  towns 
and  cities,  in  its  initial  stages,  is  a  subject  for  crowd  rather 
than  mob  tactics;  strikes,  industrial  disorder,  and  even  race 
riots  almost  always  start  with  crowds  which  if  caught  in  time 
can  best  be  handled  without  the  application  of  tactics  suitable 
and  necessary  for  quelling  a  fully  developed  mob.  Regular 
troops  are  seldom  called  out  to  handle  a  mere  crowd,  and  even 
the  National  Guard  or  Home  Guards  are  rarely  used  until  the 
mob  stage  has  been  reached. 

Transition  from  Crowd  to  Mob. 

61.  A  crowd  assembled  for  an  unlawful  purpose  is  cowardly. 
It  hesitates  to  commit  itself  to  a  course  of  unrestrained  violence, 
even  though  some  of  its  members  may  be  guilty  of  violent  acts 
when  they  think  they  have  a  good  chance  of  escape.  It  may  be 
noisy  and  threatening,  and  if  left  to  its  own  devices  is  very  likely 
to  commit  assaults  and  depredations  which  will  excite  it  to 
the  mob  pitch ;  but  just  as  long  as  the  crowd  is  kept  well  in  hand 
its  collective  cowardice  remains  its  most  striking  feature.     The 

(28) 


29 

subtle  change  by  which  a  crowd  becomes  a  mob  is  a  thing  never 
forgotten  by  anyone  who  has  seen  it.  An  apparent  weakening  of 
the  forces  holding  the  crowd  in  check,  even  though  it  be  but 
momentary,  may  suffice  to  bring  about  the  transformation;  a 
single  piece  of  audacious  violence  successfully  carried  through ; 
two  minutes'  harangue  by  a  fiery  leader ;  or  the  appearance  on 
the  street  of  a  conspicuous  and  hated  figure.  It  is  the  business 
of  the  commanding  officer  to  see  that  this  change  does  not  take 
place,  for  the  formation  of  a  mob  means  bloodshed  and  destruc- 
tion before  the  fear  of  the  law  is  restored  to  its  proper  power. 

62.  For  the  reason  that  crowd  tactics  form  the  basis  of  the 
work  of  any  commanding  officer  on  riot  duty,  they  will  here  re- 
ceive a  more  thorough  consideration  than  the  other  types. 
Crowd  tactics  may  be  defined  as  the  principles  governing  the 
operations  of  an  armed  and  disciplined  body  against  a  consider- 
able group,  or  number  of  separate  groups,  which  is  disorderly 
and  inclined  to  violence,  but  which  has  not  as  yet  temporarily 
lost  its  collective  sense  of  fear.  A  mob,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
distinguished  by  the  fact  that,  under  the  stimulus  of  intense 
excitement,  its  members  have  actually  lost  all  sense  of  fear  of 
the  law  and  can  only  be  brought  to  their  senses  by  an  over- 
powering demonstration  of  force. 

Absence  of  Leadership. 

63.  The  cowardice  of  the  crowd  is  due  to  the  lack  of  unity 
among  its  members  and  the  half-heartedness  of  many  of  them 
for  any  enterprise  involving  danger.  A  large  part  of  any  dis- 
orderly crowd  is  made  up  of  mere  spectators — good  material  for 
the  mob  spirit  to  work  on,  but  in  the  beginning  perfectly  harm- 
less. The  proportion  of  determined  trouble-makers  in  a  city 
crowd  before  it  has  fairly  "  got  going  "  is  probably  not  1  to  10. 
The  leaders,  the  real  sources  of  danger,  are  rarely  in  the  front 
ranks,  as  is  commonly  supposed ;  they  are  far  more  likely  to  be 
circulating  through  and  in  the  rear  of  the  crowd,  awaiting  a  good 
opportunity  to  throw  a  stone  or  fire  a  shot.  Genuine  leadership 
at  this  stage  is  conspicuously  absent,  and  it  is  this  fact  that  gives 
the  disciplined  unit,  immediately  responsive  to  the  will  of  its 
commander,  its  greatest  advantage. 

"  Getting  There  First." 

04.  In  no  other  form  of  military  service  is  it  so  true  that  the 
first  blow  is  half  the  battle;  if  the  men  can  not  be  brought  to- 


30 

gether  at  the  point  of  danger  quickly  enough  to  prevent  a  crowd 
from  forming,  the  hour  or  two  of  delay  may  mean  the  necessity 
of  mob  tactics  and  loaded  rifles.  It  should  be  impressed  on  every 
officer  in  the  command  that  the  proper  time  to  deal  with  a  crowd 
is  an  hour  or  so  before  it  has  begun  to  form. 

65.  The  change  from  confusion  to  unity  under  sudden  leader- 
ship, from  the  vacillating  crowd  to  the  determined  mob,  may 
come  in  a  minute's  time,  and  nothing  is  so  likely  to  bring  about 
the  change  as  a  single  successful  act  of  violence.  It  is  therefore 
a  cardinal  principle  of  crowd  tactics  to  "  get  there  first."  If  a 
crowd  can  be  prevented  from  forming,  the  work  of  the  troops  is 
done  almost  before  it  has  started.  Crowds  may  form  rapidly,  but 
they  very  seldom  do  so  without  giving  previous  warning.  For 
instance,  a  meeting  of  strikers,  malcontents,  Industrial  Workers 
of  the  World,  or  other  potential  trouble  makers  may  at  any  time 
prove  the  first  step  in  the  formation  of  a  disorderly  crowd.  The 
fact  that  such  a  meeting  is  being  held  should,  in  any  period  of 
local  unrest,  be  sufficient  warning  to  the  officer  in  command  that 
.trouble  may  follow ;  the  critical  moment  is  the  one  at  which  the 
meeting  breaks  up  and  the  people  attending  it  come  out  on  the 
street.  The  sight  of  a  few  squads  of  armed  men,  though  it  may 
lead  to  jeers  and  abuse,  will  send  the  timid  and  half-hearted 
members  scurrying  to  their  homes,  leaving  the  bolder  spirits 
without  support,  and  consequently  powerless  to  start  trouble. 
The  indoor  meeting  is  the  chief  originator  of  the  outdoor  dis- 
orderly crowd,  and  since  the  fact  that  such  a  meeting  is  to  be 
held  is  generally  made  public  in  advance  the  commander  of 
troops  has  an  opportunity,  therefore,  to  take  the  crowd  by  sur- 
prise.   The  neglect  of  such  an  opportunity  may  prove  costly. 

A.  Crowd  Tactics. 

66.  Drill  in  the  special  formations  pertaining  to  crowd  tactics 
should  be  frequent  and  vigorous.  The  formations  themselves 
may  be  learned  in  the  drill  hall  and  should  all  be  practiced  from 
a  halt  and  from  the  march  at  both  quick  and  double  time.  Their 
uses  should,  whenever  possible,  be  practiced  on  the  streets,  in 
freight  yards,  or  in  any  similar  places  where  they  might  be  used 
on  active  service.  As  soon  as  the  men  are  fairly  proficient  in 
assuming  the  formations  actual  problems  should  be  set  before 
them.  A  street  to  clear,  an  arrest  to  make,  a  building  to  guard, 
and  so  on.  The  formation  should  frequently  be  used  against 
resistance. 


31 

FOBMATIONS    FOB    CROWD    TACTICS. 

67.  With  firearms  virtually  debarred  from  crowd  tactics  the 
riot  stick  becomes  the  chief  offensive  weapon.  Since  the  combat 
tactics  designed  for  infantry  are  based  exclusively  on  the  use  of 
rifle  fire  and  the  bayonet  it  follows  that  they  can  not  possibly 
prove  altogether  adapted  to  conditions  based  on  absolutely  differ- 
ent weapons.  It  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  devise  special  forma- 
tions for  use  against  crowds.  An  occasional  dash  of  football 
tactics  in  drill,  in  order  to  try  out  the  special  crowd  formations, 
will  do  much  toward  fitting  the  men  to  meet  actual  resistance 
with  steadiness.  The  fundamental  point  of  difference  is  this: 
That  in  infantry  combat  tactics  it  is  essential  that  no  man  in 
the  firing  line  should  even  partially  mask  a  comrade  so  as  to 
interfere  with  his  field  of  fire. 

In  the  bayonet  charge  the  same  principle  holds  good ;  each 
man  must  have  a  free  field  for  the  use  of  his  weapon  without 
having  to  fear  lest  he  should  plunge  it  into  a  comrade's  back. 
Thus,  the  basis  of  Infantry  combat  tactics  is  the  single  de- 
ployed firing  line,  with  supports  and  reserves  to  reenforce  it,  and 
the  single  deployed  charging  line,  which  may,  and  normally 
does,  form  one  "  wave  "  in  a  series,  each  wave  being  well  sepa- 
rated from  the  one  preceding  it.  Example:  A  platoon  in  skir- 
mish line  is  endeavoring  to  clear  a  crowded  street.  Resistance 
is  unequally  distributed,  and  where  it  is  stiffest  the  line  makes 
slow  progress.  Thus  it  becomes  concave  and  at  the  very  points 
where  the  greatest  degree  of  concentration  is  necessary  to 
overcome  resistance  the  men  are  pulled  farthest  apart.  There 
is  little  or  no  opportunity  to  concentrate  the  strength  of  the 
entire  unit  where  it  is  needed  and  a  complete  break  in  the  line 
necessitating  the  use  of  reenforcements  to  patch  it  up  may  easily 
result. 

68.  If  the  platoon  is  in  close  order,  the  rear  rank  man  is  prac- 
tically useless,  because  his  file  leader  completely  masks  him, 
and  he  has  no  opportunity  to  bring  his  riot  stick  into  play. 
Moreover,  the  front  of  the  platoon  is  greatly  contracted ;  even 
allowing  for  the  guides,  a  platoon  in  close  order  occupies  only  a 
width  of  39  feet,  whereas  the  street  to  be  cleared  may  be  70 
or  80. 

69.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  platoon  is  in  wedge  or  wedge- 
and-diagonal  formation,  every  added  pressure  tends  to  bring  the 
men  closer  together  and  thereby  strengthens  the  line.  The 
men  are  all  in  contact  with  the  crowd,  and  there  is  no  injurious 


32 

masking.     Finally   the  platoon   occupies   the  same   amount  of 
front  as  in  an  ordinary  deployed  line. 

70.  Football  principles  are  better  suited  for  crowds — "  buck 
the  center,"  "  skirt  the  ends,"  etc.  For  crowd  tactics  the  follow- 
ing formation,  which  may  be  formed  by  a  squad  or  platoon 
should  be  adopted :  Figure  1. 


& 


lT{ST3f 

2rcp4rC?2f 


/ 


/ 


THE  WEDGE. 

(a)  The  squad  being  in  line,  assembled,  to  form  wedge:  1, 
Squad  ;  2,  Wedge. 

The  squad  leader  gives  the  command  and  at  the  command  of 
execution  springs  about  three  paces  to  the  front,  in  front  of  No.  3 
front  rank.    The  men,  moving  at  a  run,  post  themselves  in  two 

lines  to  his  right  and  left  rear, 
each  man  one-half  pace  behind  and 
one-half  pace  to  the  right  (or  left) 
of  the  man  ahead  of  him.  The 
front-rank  men  are  on  the  squad 
\      \     A,  J   !    I      J  leader's   right   rear,   No.   3   nearest 

\      \  !]j  J  /     /  him,  then  No.  2,  then  No.  1.     The 

rear-rank  men  are  on  his  left  rear, 
No.  1  nearest  him,  then  No.  2,  then 
No.  3.  No.  4  of  the  rear  rank  fol- 
lows the  squad  leader  and  takes  po- 
sition inside  the  wedge.  If  the 
movement  is  executed  from  a  halt, 
the  squad  leader  and  the  men  halt 
when  they  reach  their  proper  posi- 
tions; if  the  squad  is  marching  in 
quick  time,  the  wedge  continues  to 
advance  in  quick  time  and,  if  in 
double  time,  the  wedge  advances  in 
double  time.  The  squad  leader  sets 
the  wedge  in  motion  from  a  halt  and  regulates  its  gait  and 
direction,  with  the  command,  Follow  Me. 

(&)  The  squad  being  in  wedge  formation,  to  assemble  in  line: 
1.  Assemble  ;  2.  Maech. 

If  at  a  halt,  the  squad  leader  stands  fast;  if  marching,  he 
halts.  The  men  resume  their  proper  positions  with  relation  to 
the  squad  leader. 

(c)  The  squad  being  in  wedge  formation,  marching  at  quick  or 
double  time,  to  march  to  the  rear  :  1.  To  the  Rear  ;  2.  March. 


Fig.  1. 
Squad  wedge  from 
line  assembled. 


33 

If  inarching  at  quick  time :  All  the  men  execute  To  the  Rear, 
March  (Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  par.  72).  No.  4  of  the  rear 
rank  takes  the  double  time  for  about  six  paces,  when  he  resumes 
the  quick  time.  No.  1  rear  and  No.  3  front  rank  take  the  double 
time  till  they  are  one-half  pace  to  the  rear  and  one-half  pace  to 
the  right  and  left,  respectively,  of  No.  4  rear  rank,  when  they  re- 
sume the  quick  time.  No.  2  rear  rank  and  No.  2  front  rank  exe- 
cute the  same  movements  with  relation  to,  respectively,  No.  1 
rear  rank  and  No.  3  front  rank.  No.  3  rear  rank  and  No.  1 
front  rank  simply  execute  to  the  Rear,  March.  The  squad  leader 
follows  No.  4  rear  rank,  taking  position  inside  the  wedge. 

If  marching  at  double  time :  All  the  men  except  No.  4  rear 
rank  assume  quick  time  before  executing  To  the  Rear,  March. 
No.  4  rear  rank  executes  To  the  Rear,  March,  and  continues  at 
double  time;  the  other  men  resume  the  double  in  time  to  take 
their  proper  relative  positions  with  regard  to  No.  4  rear  rank,  as 
indicated  in  the  preceding  paragraph. 

Note. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that  the  squad  in 
wedge  formation,  when  marching  to  the  rear,  simply  turns  itself 
inside  out,  No.  4  of  the  rear  rank  becoming  the  apex  of  the  wedge 
in  place  of  the  squad  leader,  who  assumes  No.  4  rear  rank's  nor- 
mal position  inside  the  wedge. 

The  wedge  formation  may  be  assumed  by  a  platoon  of  four  or 
more  squads,  but  in  general  this  formation  will  not  be  used,  the 
wedge  with  flanking  diagonals  being  normally  more  effective  for 
so  large  a  unit.  The  platoon  forms  a  wedge  by  the  same  methods 
as  those  prescribed  for  the  squad,  except  that  the  platoon  leader,, 
before  giving  the  command,  Platoon,  Wedge,  indicates  the  cen- 
ter of  his  platoon.  Squads  to  the  right  or  in  advance  of  the 
center  form  on  the  platoon  leader's  right  rear ;  those  to  the  left 
or  behind  it  form  on  his  left  rear.  To  assemble  the  platoon  from 
wedge  formation,  the  platoon  leader  commands,  Assemble, 
March,  and  indicates  the  point  of  rest.  The  squad  leaders  bring 
their  squads  into  position  successively. 

THE  DIAGONAL. 

(d)  The  squad  being  in  line,  assembled,  to  form  diagonal:  1. 
Diagonal,  Guide  Right  (Left),  2.  March.  If  the  guide  is 
right:  No.  1  front  rank  moves  forward  at  a  run  for  about  six 
paces ;  No.  2  front  rank  follows  him  and  posts  himself  40  inches 
behind  No.  1.  The  other  men  form  line  to  the  left  rear  of  No.  2 
128298—19 3 


34 

front  rank,  each  man  one-half  pace  behind  and  one-half  pace  to 
the  left  of  the  man  ahead  of  him.  The  order  of  the  men  is  as 
shown  in  figure  2.  The  squad  leader  posts  himself  in  front  of 
No.  3  front  rank.    He  may,  if  he  chooses,  however,  post  himself 


lf4r 
PC? 


^  p  3r\    ^ 

,"P//     \\Q  i» 

f,  i    If  -Mi     \   i — i 


&.  ^  './   if  ^  \    v1-^?* 

!      //   /  \o    M 

/  /i  *  v  *x    M 

i     \  I  ^  \   \   \ 


4r 

I 

I 
I 
I 

I 
I 

Fig.  2. 
Squad  diagonal   (guide  right)  Squad  diagonal   (guide  left) 

from  line  assembled.  from  line  assembled. 

in  front  of  No.  1  front  rank,  selecting  whichever  position  gives 
him  the  better  opportunity  to  lead  his  squad. 

If  the  guide  is  left :  No.  4  rear  rank  moves  forward  at  a  run 
for  about  eight  paces;  No.  3  rear  rank  follows  him  and  posts 
himself  40  inches  behind  No.  4.    The  other  men  form  line  to  the 


\\     |V     I 


tepm 


35 

right  rear  of  No.  3  rear  rank,  each  man  one-half  pace  behind  and 
one-half  pace  to  the  right  of  the  man  ahead  of  him.  The  order 
of  the  men  is  as  shown  in  figure  2.  The  squad  leader  posts  him- 
self in  front  of  No.  2  rear  rank.  He  may,  if  he  chooses,  how- 
ever, post  himself  in  front  of  No.  4  rear  rank,  selecting  which- 
ever position  gives  him  the  better  opportunity  to  lead  his  squad. 
If  the  movement  is  executed  from  a  halt,  the  squad  leader  and 
the  men  halt  when  they  reach  their  proper  positions;  if  the 
squad  is  marching  in  quick  or  double  time,  the  diagonal  advances 
at  the  same  gait.  The  squad  leader  sets  the  diagonal  in  motion 
from  a  halt  and  regulates  its  gait  and  direction  with  the  com- 
mand, Follow  Me. 

(e)  The  squad  being  in  diagonal  formation,  to  assemble  in  line : 
1.  Assemble,  2.  March. 

The  squad  leader  takes  position  in  front  of  the  squad  and 
halts ;  the  men  assume  their  proper  positions  with  relation  to  the 
squad  leader. 

(f)  The  section  being  in  line  or  column,  assembled,  to  form 
diagonal:  1.  Diagonal,  Guide  Right  (Left),  2.  March. 

If  the  guide  is  right:  The  first  (right  or  leading)  squad  exe- 
cutes Diagonal,  guide  right,  March,  as  prescribed  in  subpara- 
graph (d),  except  that  the  squad  leader  posts  himself  behind 
No.  1  of  the  rear  rank  and  that  No.  1  front  rank  moves  forward 
about  10  paces;  the  second  (left  or  rear)  squad  forms  suc- 
cessively to  the  left  rear  of  the  first  squad,  No.  1  front  rank  being 
one-half  pace  behind  and  one-half  pace  to  the  left  of  No.  4  rear 
rank  of  the  first  squad ;  the  leader  of  the  second  squad  takes 
post  in  rear  of  No.  1  rear  rank.  The  section  leader  posts  him- 
self in  front  of  No.  3  front  rank  of  the  first  squad.  If  the  move- 
ment is  executed  from  a  halt,  the  section  leader  and  the  men 
halt  when  they  reach  their  proper  positions ;  if  the  section  is 
marching  in  quick  time,  the  diagonal  continues  to  advance  in 
quick  time ;  if  it  is  marching  in  double  time,  the  section  leader 
takes  quick  time  until  all  the  men  are  in  position ;  the  diagonal 
then  resumes  the  double  time  without  command. 

If  the  guide  is  left:  The  second  (left  or  rear)  squad  executes 
Diagonal,  guide  left,  March,  as  prescribed  in  subparagraph  (d), 
except  that  the  squad  leader  posts  himself  behind  No.  1  of  the 
rear  rank  and  that  No.  4  rear  rank  moves  forward  about  12  paces. 
The  first  (right  or  leading)  squad  forms  successively  to  the  right 
rear  of  the  second  squad,  No.  4  rear  rank  being  one-half  pace 
behind  and  one-half  pace  to  the  right  of  No.  1  front  rank  of  the 


36 

first  squad;  the  leader  of  the  first  squad  takes  post  in  rear  of 
No.  1  rear  rank.  The  section  leader  posts  himself  in  front  of 
No.  2  rear  rank  of  the  second  squad. 

(g)  The  section  being  in  diagonal  formation,  to  assemble  in 
line:  1.  Assemble,  2.  March. 

If  the  diagonal  is  marching  it  halts.  No.  4  rear  rank  of  the 
first  (right)  squad  and  No.  1  front  rank  of  the  second  (left) 
squad  move  straight  to  the  front  till  they  are  two  paces  ahead 
of  the  advanced  flank  of  the  diagonal  and  then  halt.  The  squads 
form  on  them  in  line,  No.  4  rear  rank  of  the  first  squad  remain- 
ing in  the  front  rank  till  his  squad  is  formed,  when  he  drops 
back,  and  the  squad  leader  takes  his  proper  place. 

THE  DEPLOYED  LINE. 

(h)  It  is  apparent  from  the  foregoing  paragraphs  that  the 
basis  for  all  wedge  and  diagonal  formations  is  the  deployment  of 
the  squad  with  the  front  rank  on  the  right  (Nos.  1,  2,  and  3  in 
succession  from  right  to  left),  and  the  rear  rank  on  the  left 
(Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4  in  succession  from  right  to  left).  Any  at- 
tempt to  utilize  the  standard  method  of  deployment,  with  rear 
rank  men  to  the  right  of  their  file  leaders,  for  these  special 
formations  is  bound  to  result  in  confusion,  as  the  men's  paths 
cross  each  other  in  such  a  way  that  collisions  are  inevitable. 
In  order  that  the  deployed  line  formation  may  be  assumed 
quickly  and  without  confusion  from  close  order,  the  wedge,  or 
the  diagonal,  it  is  therefore  essential  that  it,  too,  should  be 
based  on  the  principle  of  the  front  rank  forming  on  the  right, 
the  rear  rank  on  the  left.  Only  in  this  way  can  each  man  always 
be  sure  of  his  exact  position  in  each  formation.  The  dissimi- 
larity between  this  and  the  standard  deployment  makes  a  sepa- 
rate command  desirable. 

(i)  The  squad  being  assembled  in  line,  in  wedge,  or  in  diag- 
onal, to  form  deployed  line :  1.  Deploy,  2.  March. 

No.  3  front  rank  springs  about  three  paces  straight  to  the 
front.  Moving  at  a  run,  the  men  place  themselves  at  half -pace 
intervals  to  his  right  and  left,  Nos.  2  and  1  front  rank  suc- 
cessively to  his  right,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4  rear  rank  successively  to 
his  left.  The  squad  leader  posts  himself  either  in  front  of  or 
behind  the  center  of  the  squad.  If  the  movement  is  executed 
from  a  halt,  the  men  halt  as  they  come  on  the  line  established  by 


37 

No.  3  front  rank;  if  the  squad  is  marching  in  quick  or  double 
time,  the  gait  is  maintained  (see  fig.  3). 

(/)  The  section,  platoon,  or  company  being  in  any  formation, 
to  form  deployed  line:  1.  Deploy,  Guide  Right  (Left,  Center), 
2.  March. 

The  announcement  of  the  guide  indicates  the  base  squad.  The 
deployment  proceeds  as  in  the  standard  deployment  (Infantry 
Drill  Regulations,  pars.  206-210),  except  that  each  squad  is 
deployed  on  the  line  as  described  in  subparagraph  (i). 


W  \     \      j 

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Fig.  3.  Squad  deployed  from  line  assembled. 

The  assembly  from  deployed  line  is  likewise  executed  as  in  the 
standard  assembly  (Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  par.  211),  ex- 
cept that  each  squad  assembles  on  No.  3  front  rank. 

The  wedge  will  be  formed  from  the  deployed  line  by  the  same 
commands  and  according  to  the  same  principles  as  from  close 
order  (subparagraphs  (a)  and  (&) ),  except  that  the  leader  will 
normally  take  a  somewhat  greater  distance  to  the  front.  The 
diagonal  will  likewise  be  formed  from  the  deployed  line  as  de- 
scribed in  paragraphs  (d)  and  (f). 

For  combination  of  wedge  and  diagonal,  the  deployed  line  is 
shown  in  figure  4. 

EMPLOYMENT  OF  THE  WEDGE. 

71.  The  wedge  is  the  normal  offensive  formation  for  breaking 
up,  splitting,  or  striking  into  a  crowd.  It  will  not  normally,  by 
itself,  clear  a  street  or  other  open  space,  but  it  will  so  effectually 
split  a  crowd  that  clearing  up  whatever  may  be  left  is  an  easy 


38 

matter.  The  platoon  is  the  proper  unit  for  work  in  the  roadway 
of  an  ordinary  city  street,  while  the  squad  is  best  for  the  side- 
walks. The  squad  wedge  is  the  ideal  formation  for  making  an 
arrest  out  of  a  crowd — an  operation  which  almost  always  provokes 
resistance.  The  wedge  plunges  into  the  crowd ;  the  squad  leader 
seizes  the  person  to  be  arrested,  and  the  squad  executes  To  the 
Rear,  March.  The  squad  leader  and  his  prisoner  are  thus  cov- 
ered by  the  two  flanks  of  the  wedge.     If  the  movement  is  exe- 


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-Platoon  in  wedge  and  diagonal  formation  with  platoon  in 

support. 


cuted,  as  it  always  should  be,  at  a  run,  the  chances  are  that  the 
arrest  will  be  made  and  the  prisoner  conveyed  safely  away  before 
the  crowd  fully  realizes  what  has  happened. 


SUPPORTS. 


72.  In  general  none  of  these  special  formations,  with  the 
exception  of  the  squad  wedge  for  making  an  arrest,  should  ever 
be  used  without  an  adequate  support.  For  the  wedge  and  diago- 
nal the  support  should,  as  a  rule,  be  at  least  equal  in  strength  to 
the  front  line.  It  should  follow  the  front  line  closely  enough 
to  be  able  to  reinforce  it  at  need  without  a  moment's  delay  and 
yet  not  so  closely  as  to  lose  its  own  freedom  of  maneuver.  Five 
to  ten  paces  between  a  squad  wedge  or  diagonal  and  its  support- 
ing squad  and  10  to  15  between  a  platoon  wedge  or  diagonal  and 
its  supporting  section  may  be  accepted  as  normal.  The  support 
should  march  in  close  order  unless  there  is  good  reason  for  not 


39 

doing  so,  as  it  can  be  much  more  easily  handled,  particularly  to- 
ward the  flanks,  when  it  is  assembled  than  when  it  is  in  any  ex- 
tended formation.  The  leader  of  the  support  should  march  in 
advance  of  his  command.  A  defensive  deployed  line  should 
always  have  a  support,  but  the  support  may  often  be  considerably 
weaker  than  what  would  be  required  for  an  attacking  formation. 

EESERVES. 

73.  It  is  as  true  of  crowd  as  of  any  other  tactics  that  the  com- 
manding officer  should  maintain  as  large  a  reserve  as  possible, 
which  he  will  not  use  until  it  is  absolutely  necessary.  Having 
sent  his  reserve  into  action,  he  will  take  the  first  opportunity  to 
form  a  new  reserve  from  units  temporarily  disengaged,  or  from 
new  units  sent  up  from  the  rear.  The  reserve  is  the  commanding 
officer's  most  effective  means  of  making  his  will  felt ;  without  it 
he  is  powerless  in  case  affairs  take  a  suddenly  adverse  turn.  The 
reserve  should  be  as  strong  as  possible  and  should  include  men 
armed  with  rifles  and  shotguns,  in  case  conditions  become  such  as 
to  necessitate  a  change  from  crowd  to  mob  tactics.  It  should 
normally  be  held  in  close  order  in  a  position  where  its  flanks  and 
rear  can  be  readily  protected.  , 

The  reserve  should  not  be  dissipated  by  sending  squads  of  it 
here  and  there ;  when  used,  it  should  be  used  as  a  unit,  for  the 
purpose  of  striking  a  crushing  blow. 

PLENTY  OF  MEN  NEEDED. 

74.  In  order  to  provide  adequately  for  supports  and  reserves 
it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  have  plenty  of  men.  "  Never 
send  a  boy  to  do  a  man's  job  "  is  an  excellent  rule  for  every 
commander  to  remember — and  a  disorderly  crowd  is  always  a 
man's  job.  It  is  not  necessary,  or  advisable,  to  throw  the  largest 
possible  number  of  men  into  the  attack,  but  whenever  a  disor- 
derly crowd  has  formed  every  man  of  the  command  who  can 
possibly  be  spared  from  other  duties  should  be  on  the  ground, 
in  the  front  line,  in  support,  or  in  reserve.  On  the  same  prin- 
ciple no  subordinate  commander  should  ever  hesitate  for  a  mo- 
ment about  asking  for  reinforcements  whenever  he  thinks  he 
needs  them.  Some  officers  have  a  wholly  mistaken  idea  that  this 
is  a  sign  of  weakness ;  the  real  proof  of  weakness  is  the  vanity 
which  leads  an  officer  to  risk  his  men's  lives  in  order  to  make  a 
grandstand  play.  If  no  reinforcements  are  available,  the  officer 
must  do  the  best  he  can  without  them;  but  when  things  look 


40 

threatening,  he  has  not  done  his  full  duty  by  the  men  under  him 
until  he  has  put  the  responsibility  up  to  his  superior. 

ONE  MAN  IN  COMMAND. 

75.  Whether  the  unit  for  the  moment  is  a  squad,  battalion,  or 
a  regiment,  there  is  one  man,  and  one  only,  in  command.  He  may 
make  mistakes,  but  it  is  infinitely  better  that  he  should  make 
them  and  have  his  men  obey  his  orders  than  that  some  of  them 
should  endeavor  to  correct  what  they  take  to  be  his  errors  by 
acting  in  opposition  to  orders  and  according  to  their  own  judg- 
ment of  what  should  be  done.  It  takes  years  of  military  training 
to  instill  this  idea  into  some  men's  heads.  It  is,  however,  worth 
far  more  than  all  the  work  it  has  cost  when  an  officer  sees  a  unit 
operating  with  perfect  steadiness  and  cohesion  in  the  face  of 
danger  and  knows  that  he  can  direct  the  entire  force  of  that  unit 
wherever  he  chooses  with  the  same  certainty  as  that  with  which 
he  can  control  the  discharge  of  his  own  pistol.  The  figure  is 
worth  remembering;  the  disciplined  company  is  a  smoothly 
working  automatic  pistol,  the  seven  bullets  from  which  can  be 
directed  at  one  target,  or  at  seven,  with  no  fear  that  a  single  one 
of  them  will  fail ;  the  undisciplined  company  is  a  rusty  match- 
lock gun,  slow  to  operate,  capable  of  firing  only  one  shot  without 
reloading  and  likely  to  miss  fire  at  the  critical  moment. 

DECISION. 

76.  When  you  come  close  to  a  crowd  do  something  decisive  at 
once.  Never  halt  your  command  and  thereby  give  the  appear- 
ance of  indecision.  If  you  can  not  attack  at  once,  occupy  some 
position  which  may  be  used  as  a  base  for  attack  later.  In  any 
event,  keep  your  men  moving.  Conversely,  keep  under  cover 
until  you  are  ready  to  strike. 

STJBPRISE. 

77.  Surprise  is  of  great  value  in  attacking  a  crowd.  If  you 
can  strike  at  it  from  an  unexpected  angle,  or  at  an  unexpected 
moment,  your  task  will  be  made  much  easier.  In  your  prelimi- 
nary survey  of  the  tactical  situation  always  consider  whether  a 
surprise  attack  is  possible. 

FOKCE. 

78.  Make  your  first  blow  a  hard  one,  using  your  full  force, 
except  for  the  necessary  reserves.  Do  not  encourage  the  crowd 
by  experimental  attacks. 


41 

FLANKS. 

79.  Remember  that  the  flanks  of  a  street  crowd  are  always  its 
long  sides  whatever  way  it  may  be  facing.  If  you  attack  on  one 
of  the  short  sides,  you  will  have  to  push  against  the  whole  mass 
of  the  crowd ;  if  you  attack  on  a  long  side,  you  will  encounter  far 
less  resistance,  due  to  lack  of  depth  in  the  crowd  and  often  can 
split  the  crowd  in  two  or  more  parts. 

DIVISION. 

80.  Do  not  attempt  more  than  you  can  thoroughly  accomplish 
with  the  force  you  have  in  hand,  making  full  allowances  for  the. 
requisite  supports  and  reserves.  If  the  crowd  is  too  large  to  be 
dealt  with  as  a  whole,  split  it  into  two  or  more  parts  and  disperse 
the  parts  separately. 

PLAN. 

81.  Formulate  your  plan  of  action  before  you  strike ;  see  that 
your  subordinates  clearly  understand  it  and  then  stick  to  it. 

REPORTS. 

82.  Keep  in  close  touch  with  headquarters  and  see  that  your 
subordinates  on  detached  duty  keep  in  close  touch  with  you. 
Often  a  report  that  everything  is  quiet  is  exactly  the  most  useful 
information  that  can  be  sent  in. 

PATROLS. 

83.  When  a  crowd  is  once  definitely  broken  use  patrols,  and 
particularly  motor  patrols,  extensively  to  keep  the  streets  open 
and  direct  them  to  break  up  immediately  any  threatening  groups 
which  may  form. 

CONCENTRATION. 

84.  Never  scatter  your  forces  widely,  but  hold  them  together. 
When  many  patrols  are  out  be  sure  you  have  a  strong  reserve, 
with  means  for  its  rapid  transportation,  in  case  of  trouble.  Do 
not  send  your  men  out  singly  or  in  groups  of  two  or  three  to 
guard  street  cars,  trucks,  freight  or  passenger  cars,  but  use 
motor  patrols  of  at  least  four  men  for  this  service.  A  man  on  a 
street  car  or  passenger  car  is  in  a  peculiarly  poor  position  to 
protect  either  it  or  himself. 


42 

B.  Mob   Tactics. 

85.  Mob  tactics  differ  from  crowd  tactics  in  this,  that  a  battle 
with  a  mob  is  almost  sure  to  be  short,  sharp,  and  decisive 
whereas  it  may  take  a  considerable  time  to  dispose  of  a  crow( 
Unless  a  mob  has  thrown  up  barricades  or  fortified  itself  inside 
a  building  or  group  of  buildings,  a  few  volleys  are  likely  to 

THE  ATTACK   ON  A   MOB. 

86.  A  mob  should  always  be  attacked,  if  possible,  on  two  ad- 
joining sides  at  once.  An  attack  from  one  side  only  has  the 
effect  of  merely  crushing  that  front,  without  breaking  the  mass 
of  the  mob.  On  the  other  hand,  an  attack  from  three  sides  pro- 
vides too  little  opportunity  to  get  away  for  those  who  should 
be  allowed  to  escape.  Moreover,  an  attack  from  three  sides  in- 
volves the  danger  of  exposing  men  to  fire  from  their  own 
comrades.  If  a  street  mob  has  formed  before  the  troops  reach 
the  ground,  it  should  be  approached  by  parallel  streets,  so  that 
when  one  platoon  or  company  halts  and  deploys  the  other  can 
proceed  till  it  can  turn  into  a  cross  street,  and  so  attack  the 
mob  in  flank.  If  the  mob  has  formed  because  of  the  failure 
of  applied  crowd  tactics,  the  commander  should  at  once  en- 
deavor to  send  a  flanking  force  from  his  unit  to  work  round  to 
a  position  whence  it  can  deliver  a  flanking  attack.  Splendidly 
executed  movements  showing  well-disciplined  troops  are  effect- 
ive. A  line  of  bristling  bayonets  across  a  street  from  wall  to 
wall  backed  up  by  disciplined  men  ready  to  fire  possesses  a 
moral  strength  that  mobs  rarely  oppose.  The  moral  effect  of 
bayonets  when  in  the  hands  of  men  trained  to  bayonet  fighting 

I     can  hardly  be  overestimated. 

87.  The  officers  must  never  permit  themselves  to  forget  their 
responsibilities  when  dealing  with  a  disorderly  mob.  This  is 
particularly  true  of  the  company  commander.  Often  the  tempta- 
tion to  "  get  into  the  scrap  "  is  so  strong  as  to  seem  almost  irre- 
sistible, but  no  officer  has  a  right  to  put  himself  in  a  position 
whence  he  can  not  control  his  men.  If  a  unit  is  ordered  to 
charge,  the  commander's  place  is,  of  course,  at  the  head  of  it; 
at  such  time  the  command  Follow  Me  has  the  utmost  signi- 
ficance. Ordinarily,  however,  the  officer  must  make  up  his 
mind  to  forego  any  actual  contact  with  the  crowd  and  post 
himself  both  where  he  can  direct  the  work  of  his  men  and  where 
he  can  readily  be  communicated  with  by  his  superiors.     The 


43 

officer  who  is  carried  away  by  his  ardor  and  plunges  into  the 
crowd,  so  as  to  be  separated  from  his  men,  thereby  shows  that 
his  proper  place  is  in  the  ranks. 

MOUNTED  MEN. 

88.  No  more  effective  way  of  dispersing  a  thoroughly  disor- 
derly crowd  has  ever  been  discovered  than  a  charge  of  cavalry 
or  mounted  police,  but  the  numbers  must  be  considerable  and 
the  training  of  both  men  and  horses  excellent. 

ATTACK  OF  HOUSES. 

89.  A  house  occupied  by  rioters  may  be  either  avoided,  iso- 
lated, or  attacked,  depending  upon  circumstances. 

(a)  Avoided. — If  a  house  is  occupied  as  a  place  of  refuge  and 
does  not  annoy  the  passage  of  troops  ordered  to  a  designated 
point  for  a  specific  purpose  it  is  better  to  avoid  the  house  by 
marching  around  it. 

(b)  Isolated. — However,  if  a  house  so  occupied  would  be  a 
menace  in  the  rear  of  the  troops,  or  an  obstacle  to  their  retreat 
in  case  of  defeat,  it  would  be  better  to  isolate  or  blockade  it,  or 
the  square  in  which  it  is  located. 

(c)  Attacked. — But  if  a  house  is  occupied  as  a  place  of  refuge 
or  defense  by  defeated  rioters,  or  as  a  flank  defense  of  a  barri- 
caded position,  or  as  a  vantage  ground  for  fighting;  or  if  for 
any  other  reason  it  becomes  necessary  to  dislodge  the  occupants, 
the  house  must  be  attacked.  A  direct  attack  should  never  be 
made  if  it  can  be  avoided,  but  if  made  the  interior  defenses 
should  first  be  destroyed  by  artillery  fire.  Infantry  can  also  be 
used  against  ordinary  buildings  with  good  effect. 

If  the  houses  occupied  are  a  part  of  a  block  of  houses,  posses- 
sion is  obtained  of  the  first  unoccupied  house  on  the  block.  If 
the  roofs  are  flat,  the  first  occupied  house  is  attacked  by  way  of 
the  roof,  gaining  access  through  the  scuttles  or  by  cutting  holes 
in  the  roof.  If  the  roofs  are  steep,  holes  are  made  through  the 
walls  of  the  top  story.  It  is  infinitely  better  to  fight  downward 
than  upward,  and  the  latter  should  not  be  attempted  if  there  is 
any  way  of  avoiding  it. 

Hand  grenades  or  light  dynamite  bombs  dropped  down  the 
roof  scuttles  or  chimneys  are  good  preliminaries  to  the  descent 
of  the  troops. 

After  getting  into  a  house  there  must  be  no  pause  in  the  at- 
tack ;  the  defenders  must  be  closely  followed  from  room  to  room 


44 

and  floor  to  floor  until  resistance  ceases  or  they  have  been  driven 
into  the  hands  of  the  troops  in  the  streets. 

Troops  attacking  a  house  should,  if  possible,  always  approach 
from  the  right  and  keep  close  to  the  wall,  as  this  will  compel  the 
defenders  to  expose  a  large  part  of  their  own  bodies  in  order  to 
fire,  thus  affording  a  better  target  for  the  sharpshooters  in  the 
building  opposite. 

To  force  an  entrance  into  a  house  under  these  conditions, 
small  bags  of  gunpowder  nailed  against  the  doors  and  windows 
and  exploded  are  very  effective,  but,  of  course,  artillery  is  the 
best  means  with  which  to  open  a  passage  into  a  block  of  houses. 
The  occupants  can  be  starved  out. 

A  very  strong  door,  even  if  barred  and  bolted,  can  be  blown 
open  by  10  pounds  of  powder.  A  rifle  bullet  fired  into  a  lock 
will  generally  destroy  it. 

BARRICADES. 

90.  When  it  becomes  necessary  for  troops  in  order  to  save  life 
and  property  to  use  barricades  or  other  defensive  works,  they 
may  be  erected  from  almost  any  available  material.  If  time 
permits,  this  is  often  accomplished  with  the  consent  of  the  owner 
of  the  material,  for  this  same  property  may  be  destroyed  if  not 
so  used. 

91.  Barricades  should  be  constructed  of  plankings,  filled  with 
earth,  cement,  stones,  etc. ;  wagons  with  their  wheels  removed 
filled  with  earth,  barrels,  boxes,  and  bales  of  merchandise; 
casks  filled  with  stones ;  counters ;  trees ;  signs ;  rolls  of  carpet 
or  matting ;  filled  sacks ;  mattresses,  etc.  It  is  important,  how- 
ever, that  whenever  practicable  earth  or  similar  substances 
should  be  used.  Stones  and  like  material,  which  would  be  likely 
to  chip  off  upon  being  hit  by  a  bullet,  should  always  be  covered 
by  some  material  that  will  prevent  splinters  from  flying  and 
injuring  the  defenders.  In  constructing  barricades  it  should 
always  be  attempted  to  make  the  outer  side  difficult  for  attackers 
to  climb.  Telephone,  telegraph,  or  other  poles  and  trees  should 
be  felled.  They  will  be  useful  in  erecting  the  barricades,  and 
those  to  the  front  might  afford  cover  to  the  attackers.  Barri- 
cades should  be  on  high  ground,  and  in  city  streets  should  be 
somewhat  removed  from  the  street  corners.  Barbed  wire  is  the 
military  barricade  on  the  battle  field. 

If  it  becomes  necessary  to  make  a  direct  attack  on  a  barri- 
cade artillery  is  indispensable.     The  artillery  is  supported  by 


45 

the  infantry  designated  to  make  the  assault  and  which  is  kept 
under  cover  as  much  as  possible.  The  artillerymen  are  pro- 
tected from  the  fire  of  rioters  on  overlooking  houses  by  im- 
provised epaulements.  Sharpshooters  properly  stationed  pre- 
vent any  return  fire  from  the  barricade  and  any  attempt  by  its 
defenders  to  repair  breaches.  Detachments  of  infantry  are 
started  from  the  first  available  house  on  each  side  of  the  street, 
fighting  their  way  from  house  to  house  until  they  reach  the 
houses  flanking  and  overlooking  the  barricade.  When  they  have 
reached  that  point  the  infantry  in  support  of  the  artillery  makes 
a  direct  assault  on  the  barricade,  unless  it  has  been  abandoned 
by  this  time. 

92.  An  enterprising  commander,  with  a  small  force  of  coura- 
geous men,  may  sometimes  surprise  and  capture  a  barricade  in 
the  night  by  watching  the  opportunities  offered  through  lack  of 
discipline  and  improper  guard  duty  on  the  part  of  its  defenders. 

93.  In  defending  a  barricade  the  probable  method  of  attack 
must  be  considered.  It  is  important  that  no  opportunity  be 
afforded  attacking  parties  to  gain  positions  from  which  they  can 
fire  accurately  on  the  defenders.  Therefore  buildings,  roofs, 
platforms,  etc.,  which  are  in  the  street  immediately  in  front 
of  the  barricades  must  either  be  made  untenable,  destroyed 
entirely,  or  occupied  by  friendly  troops. 

Barricades  should  be  flanked  or  taken  from  the  rear  or  fire 
may  be  directed  upon  defenders  in  many  cases  by  troops  placed 
in  high  windows  or  on  roofs  nearby. 

94.  Captured  barricades  are  immediately  removed  or  de- 
stroyed. The  troops  should  keep  the  streets  clear  of  all  material 
suitable  either  for  use  in  erecting  other  barricades  or  for 
missiles. 

DEFENDING  BUILDINGS. 

95.  "  No  building  should  be  defended  from  within  itself  until   J 
all  its  outlying  defenses  have  been  forced." 

96.  Industrial  and  commercial  buildings  can  best  be  protected 
by  outguards  (varying  in  size  with  conditions)  at  some  little  dis- 
tance from  the  building,  while  a  line  of  sentries  may  be  placed 
nearer  as  an  interior  guard.  No  persons  should  be  allowed  to 
pass  either  the  outguards  or  the  sentries  unless  they  are  recog- 
nized as  having  the  proper  authority.  When  considered  neces- 
sary the  outguards  may  construct  barricades  and  sharpshooters 
may  be  posted  in  positions  of  advantage. 


46 

97.  If  it  is  probable  that  the  attackers  will  be  well  armed,  all 
things  near  the  building  which  would  afford  them  cover  should  be 
destroyed  and  in  any  case  cover,  not  of  great  value,  should  be 
removed.  The  destruction  of  public  or  private  property  in  such 
cases  should  depend  upon  the  seriousness  of  the  situation. 
Buildings  near  that  to  be  attacked  may  be  occupied  by  the 
defenders  and  protected.  In  extreme  cases  they  may  be  de- 
stroyed. 

98.  Provision  should  be  made  in  advance  for  sufficient  food 
and  water  for  the  period  in  which  the  house  may  reasonably  be 
expected  to  be  besieged,  as  well  as  for  ammunition,  lighting 
facilities,  and  means  of  heating.  It  is  not  safe  to  count  on  re- 
ceiving any  of  these  needed  things  from  an  outside  source. 

99.  The  interior  of  a  building  may  be  prepared  for  defense  by 
erecting  barricades  at  all  doors  and  windows.  Entrances  must 
be  left  open  for  the  admission  of  the  outguards  and  sentries, 
when  they  may  be  driven  in,  but  the  material  for  immediately 
closing  these  entrances  should  be  placed  in  such  manner  as  to 
lose  no  time.  Furniture,  books,  matting,  carpets,  mattresses, 
piles  of  clothing  or  cloth  may  be  used  for  barricades,  such  ma- 
terial as  books  or  rolls  of  cloth  being  the  best  protection  against 
the  fire  of  the  attackers.  Loopholes  should  be  left  in  the  barri- 
cades and  constructed  in  needful  places  in  the  walls.  Loopholes 
situated  on  the  first  floor  should  be  at  such  height  that  the 
attackers  can  only  fire  through  them  at  considerable  angle. 

100.  Usually  it  is  advisable  to  defend  a  building  from  the 
upper  windows.  This  can  only  be  effectively  done,  if  the  crowd 
is  not  permitted  to  approach  closely  to  the  lower  doors  and  win- 
dows. Troops  may  be  stationed  on  the  roof,  especially  when  the 
roof  will  afford  a  higher  position  than  any  which  can  be  oc- 
cupied by  those  attacking.    Height  is  always  an  advantage. 

101.  Buildings  forming  part  of  a  city  block  or  street  can  be 
defended  in  general  better  than  a  more  isolated  structure.  Out- 
guards must  provide  for  the  occupation  of  near-by  buildings  in 
order  to  be  effective  against  any  well-planned  attack.  If  this  is 
not  done,  those  attacking  will  take  possession  of  such  buildings 
and  fire  upon  the  defenders  from  the  points  of  vantage  thus 
afforded. 

102.  Buildings  which  have  a  common  wall  with  the  one  ad- 
joining present  conditions  under  which  it  is  well  to  loophole  the 
wall.  When  the  separating  wall  is  only  a  plaster  and  wood 
partition  it  is  essential  to  occupy  all  the  houses  of  the  row. 


47 

Portions  of  such  walls  should  be  demolished  for  the  purpose  of 
communication.  When  the  force  is  small  it  is  not  advisable  to 
select  houses  having  such  a  wall,  as  entrance  into  one  gives 
access  to  all. 

103.  To  prevent  a  roof  attack  when  a  single  roof  is  common 
to  a  row  of  houses,  the  trapdoors  and  skylights  of  all  but  the 
house  defended  should  be  fastened  down  and  a  force  stationed 
on  the  roof.  This  force  should  prevent  any  of  the  attackers 
from  gaining  the  roofs  through  other  houses.  It  may  also  fire 
upon  those  in  the  street.  The  roof  of  the  house  being  defended 
should  >  be  barricaded  to  afford  cover  in  case  the  roof  detail 
should  be  driven  back. 

104.  In  pursuing  a  single  criminal  or  a  small  group  of  them 
into  a.  house  which  has  been  used  as  a  place  of  refuge,  or  to  make 
an  arrest  indoors,  rapidity  of  attack  is  all  important ;  once  begun, 
the  advance  should  never  be  allowed  to  stop.  The  first  step  is  to 
surround  the  house,  keeping  careful  watch  on  every  possible 
point  of  egress.  If  the  roof  can  be  reached,  eitjier  from  adjoin- 
ing roofs  or  by  ladders,  the  attack  should  begin  at  the  top  and 
work  down.  In  a  large  building  the  attacking  party  should  be 
careful  not  to  scatter,  but  should  operate  as  a  unit.  Two  or 
three  good  axes  may  prove  of  great  value  if  locked  doors  are 
encountered.  If  the  house  is  isolated,  or  can  not  be  approached 
with  good  cover,  sharpshooters  should  protect  the  advance,  watch- 
ing every  window  from  which  a  shot  could  be  fired.  When  the 
entrance  must  be  made  from  below  it  is  often  advisable  for  the 
attacking  party  not  to  wait  to  investigate  the  downstairs  room, 
but  to  proceed  at  once  to  the  attic  or  roof  and  then  work  down 
floor  by  floor. 

PROTECTION   OF   STREET  RAILWAYS. 

105.  ( a )  In  street  railway  riots  the  commanding  officer  should 
not  weaken  his  force  by  numerous  detachments  or  by  detailing 
small  parties  to  guard  each  train  or  car.  Strong  bodies  of  troops 
may  be  stationed  at  points  from  which  they  can  best  reach  the 
most  troublesome  districts.  When  additional  troops  are  avail- 
able they  may  be  used  to  patrol  as  much  of  the  system  as  it  is 
deemed  best  to  operate,  or  such  portions  as  are  in  the  most 
dangerous  sections  of  the  city. 

(b)  The  duty  of  arresting  individuals,  who,  at  isolated  points, 
throw  some  missiles  at  a  car  and  the  breaking  up  of  this  practice 
and  other  minor  disorders,  should  usually  be  left  to  the  police 
force. 


48   - 

(c)  The  commanding  officer  may  well  place  bodies  of  troops  at 
suitable  points  and  use  no  patrols  at  all,  until  it  is  ascertained 
that  the  police  can  not  put  down  the  minor  disorders.  When 
this  is  apparent  patrols  should  be  put  on  the  streets,  first  in  the 
localities  giving  most  trouble,  and  increasing  these  patrols  to 
such  parts  of  the  system  as  may  be  found  necessary.  If  the 
disorder  previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  troops  be  great,  patrols 
may  be  placed  in  the  worst  localities  immediately  and  gradually 
withdrawn  as  conditions  better. 

(d)  Patrols  in  riots  of  this  kind  should,  be  strong  enough  to 
keep  the  streets  clear  of  all  persons  not  occupied  or  seemingly 
using  them  as  a  means  of  communication;  to  break  up  small 
parties  before  they  increase  and  form  a  mob  and  to  hold  their 
own  until  a  larger  body  can  arrive.  The  district  covered  by  a 
patrol  should  be  small  enough  to  permit  the  performance  of  its 
duties  without  undue  exertion. 

(e)  The  reserve  bodies  stationed  at  various  points  should  not 
be  less  than  a  platoon,  or  company  of  four  squads.  The  number 
of  such  bodies  and  the  distances  between  them  will  vary  with 
the  seriousness  of  the  rioting  and  the  success  of  police  or  patrols 
in  preventing  disorder. 

(f)  One  or  two  men  should  not  be  placed  upon  cars  as  guards. 
Unless  they  fire,  such  a  small  force  is  almost  useless,  especially 
against  large  crowds.  Such  an  act  either  results  in  a  great 
deal  of  firing  upon  the  part  of  the  troops  or  in  ineffective  pro- 
tection and  injury  to  the  men  placed  upon  the  cars.  When  it 
becomes  necessary  to  move  cars  under  guard,  there  should  be  a 
strong  force  which  should  stay  without  the  car.  Cavalry  is 
desirable  for  such  purposes. 

(g)  Power  plants  and  car  barns  should  always  be  well  pro- 
tected. 

(h)  Detectives,  or  scouts,  in  civilians'  clothes,  can  be  a  great 
aid  to  the  commanding  officer  by  mingling  with  the  public  and 
learning  the  intentions  of  rioters. 

PROTECTING  RAILROADS. 

106.  (a)  The  protection  of  a  steam  railway  requires  a  large 
number  of  troops  and  efficient  management. 

(b)  The  stations,  freight  depots,  roundhouses,  car  shops, 
etc.,  should  be  protected,  as  provided  for  buildings.  The  rolling 
stock  not  in  use  should  be  protected  by  being  placed  in  these 
buildings,  as  far  as  their  capacity  will  permit. 


49 

(c)  Teamsters',  express  wagon,  and  taxicab  drivers'  strikes, 
or  similar  rioting  in  connection  with  city  transportation  may  be 
best  handled  as  is  prescribed  for  street  railways.  Certain  streets 
should  be  designated  upon  which  these  vehicles  may  move  and 
these  traffic  routes  properly  guarded  by  the  troops  as  are  the 
lines  of  a  street  railway. 

(d)  Freight  cars  when  in  danger  of  being  destroyed  should 
be  placed  in  mass  on  parallel  tracks  and  then  guarded  as  a 
building. 

(e)  Open  or  flat  cars  should  be  placed  on  outer  tracks  piled 
with  bales  of  hay,  barrels,  or  boxes  of  merchandise  forming 
breastworks. 

(f)  Tracks  may  best  be  guarded  by  constantly  running  back 
and  forth  a  train  of  2  or  3  open  cars,  carrying  sharpshooters 
and  a  detachment  of  troops.  In  order  to  guard  against  dyna- 
mite on  the  tracks,  a  couple  of  unoccupied  flat  cars  should 
precede  the  first  car  carrying  troops. 

GUARDING  BRIDGES. 

107.  Bridges  and  trestles  must  be  well  guarded.  They  should 
be  inspected  at  regular  intervals  to  make  sure  that  no  damage 
has  been  done  to  them  by  persons  who  elude  the  guard.  At  night 
light  is  an  essential  for  abutments  of  bridges  and  entrances  of 
tunnels. 

108.  Tracks  may  be  protected  by  a  patrol  consisting  of  an 
engine  and  cars  with  a  detachment  of  troops.  Flat  cars  or  the 
steel  coal  cars  with  flat  bottoms,  when  available,  are  most  suit- 
able. When  dumping  devices  are  in  the  bottom  of  the  cars,  mak- 
ing the  floor  uneven,  a  floor  of  planking  or  other  suitable  mate- 
rial may  be  constructed. 

109.  Infantry  patrols  should  also  be  maintained  on  the  sec- 
tions of  the  road  where  trouble  is  most  likely  to  occur,  including 
the  sections  in  and  near  cities  and  towns.  These  patrols  should 
be  accompanied  either  by  the  regular  trackwalkers  or  some 
other  persons  competent  to  inspect  the  track. 

110.  The  trains  carrying  patrols  or  troops  may  push  some 
empty  flat  cars  ahead  of  the  engine  as  a  precaution  against  dyna- 
mite or  other  explosives  on  the  tracks.  When  disorder  is  serious 
all  passenger  trains  should  be  under  guard  by  a  suitable  de- 
tachment. When  the  commanding  officer  deems  that  the  condi- 
tions warrant  it,  passenger  trains  may  be  preceded  by  a  "  patrol 

128298 — 19 4 


50 

train  "  carrying  troops  and  pushing  flat  cars,  as  an  additional 
precaution  to  prevent  the  wrecking  of  the  regular  train.  Flat 
cars  pushed  ahead  might  not  save  a  train  from  being  wrecked 
but  would  in  all  probability  prevent  or  lessen  loss  of  life. 

111.  When  the  troops  are  few  it  will  become  necessary  to 
reduce  the  number  of  trains  run  by  the  railroad.  If  conditions 
are  serious,  it  is  well  to  reduce  the  speed  called  for  by  the 
schedules,  in  which  case  fewer  but  longer  and  heavier  trains  may 

RESERVES  WITH  FIREARMS. 

112.  Always  prepare  for  mob  violence  and  show  the  crowd 
that  you  are  ready  for  it  by  having  your  rifle  and  shotgun  men 
where  they  can  be  used  instantly.  If  the  situation  looks  serious, 
arrange  for  a  supply  of  rifles,  bayonets,  ammunition,  and 
machine  guns  to  be  held  ready  for  instant  delivery. 

THE  MOMENT  FOR  MOB  TACTICS. 

113.  There  is  no  absolute  rule  whereby  the  commander  can 
tell  when  the  efficacy  of  crowd  tactics  is  at  an  end  and  the  need 
for  mob  tactics  begins;  but  in  general  the  use  of  firearms 
against  the  troops  will  be  the  determining  factor.  Practically 
every  disorderly  assembly  that  has  not  reached  the  shooting 
stage  is  a  crowd,  not  a  mob,  and  should  be  dealt  with  by  crowd 
tactics.  Once  the  bullets  begin  to  fly,  however,  the  further 
maintenance  of  crowd  tactics  is  nothing  short  of  a  criminal  risk 
of  life.  Of  course,  a  single  shot  does  not  make  a  mob ;  such  a 
case  is  the  proper  opportunity  for  a  sharpshooter.  It  is  when 
the  commanding  officer  sees  that  many  of  the  men  facing  him 
have  firearms  and  are  ready  to  use  them  that  the  time  for  mob 
tactics  has  arrived. 

O.  Open  Country  Tactics. 

114.  These  are  nearly  identical  with  the  infantry  principles 
regarding  scouting  and  patrolling;  they  do  not  differ  greatly 
from  the  prescribed  methods  of  combat  (see  Infantry  Drill 
Regulations). 

D.  Interior  Tactics. 

115.  The  establishment  of  garrisons  in  buildings,  hunting  for 
criminals  in  houses  and  other  forms  of  indoor  service — the  prin- 
ciples are  few  and  simple,  although  their  application  is  im- 


51 

mensely  varied,  difficult,  and  dangerous,  and  has  been  covered 
with  sufficient  fullness  under  (a)  and  (&).  See  also  Manual  of 
Interior  Guard  Duty. 

116.  Written  orders  and  reports. — All  orders  should,  when- 
ever possible,  be  in  writing,  or,  still  better,  typewritten.  This 
applies  equally  to  orders  from  the  commanding  officer  to  his  bat- 
talion or  company  commanders  and  to  orders  from  a  lieutenant 
to  a  squad  leader.  Orders  delivered  by  telephone  or  orally 
should  be  confirmed  in  writing  at  the  first  opportunity.  In  a 
similar  way,  all  reports  should  be  made  or  confirmed  in  writing. 
For  this  purpose  a  portable  typewriter,  such  as  the  Corona,  is 
of  very  great  value,  as  carbon  copies  of  orders  can  then  easily 
be  made.  All  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  should  be 
furnished  with  printed  order  and  report  blanks  and  instructed 
as  to  the  proper  manner  of  using  them. 


Chapter  XI. 

INTELLIGENCE. 

117.  The  service  of  information. — The  service  of  informa- 
tion is  of  the  utmost  importance  in  this  duty;  a  commander 
who  does  not  know  exactly  what  is  going  on  is  sure,  sooner  or 
later,  to  commit  the  unpardonable  blunder  of  being  caught  by 
surprise.  He  should  at  all  times  keep  himself  thoroughly 
posted  as  to  conditions  in  his  district,  particularly  as  regards 
the  unemployed,  food  and  fuel  shortage,  labor  unrest,  the  pres- 
ence in  the  community  of  undesirable  outsiders,  and  activities 
below  the  surface  inimical  to  the  Government.  For  this  purpose 
the  commander  should  be  in  close  touch  with  the  local  police 
and  sheriff's  offices  and  with  the  Federal  and  military  secret 
service.  Every  man  should  be  instructed  to  keep  his  eyes  and 
ears  open  at  all  times  and  to  report  to  headquarters  anything 
coming  to  his  attention  which  might  indicate  possible  disorder. 
It  is  well  to  have  affiliated  and  under  the  orders  of  its  officers 
a  considerable  number  of  men  out  of  uniform  who,  particularly 
when  trouble  has  actually  started,  can  secure  information  be- 
yond the  reach  of  uniformed  men.  The  proper  maintenance  of 
the  service  of  information  is  the  duty  primarily  of  the  field 
officers,  and  strict  attention  to  it  in  time  of  apparent  quiet  may, 
when  the  emergency  comes,  result  in  the  saving  of  many  lives 
and  the  prevention  of  a  vast  amount  of  property  damage. 

To  develop  military-intelligence  work  the  following  idea  is 
suggested  for  development  in  each  organization  of  the  United 
States  Guards: 

(a)  A  chief  with  three  assistants  (preferably  sergeants) 
known  only  to  the  chief  and  not  to  each  other.  Each  assistant 
to  select  three  helpers  known  to  each  other,  to  their  own  assist- 
ant, and  to  the  chief. 

(6)  This  entails  the  use  of  12  men.  The  chief  may  direct  an 
assistant  to  investigate  or  secure  evidence  upon  any  subject  and 
direct  another  assistant  to  investigate  the  same  subject.  Com- 
pare results  obtained  from  the  two  separate  sources. 

L52} 


53 

(c)  Reports  should  state  clearly  what  was  actually  seen; 
what  was  heard;  the  time,  place,  and  date;  what  was  actually 
heard  from  principal  and  impression  made  by  delivery. 

The  chief  draws  conclusions.  The  scheme  is  shown  in  the 
following  diagram : 


Assistants — 
A.B.C. 


Chief 


Selected 
men— def 
ghi,  klm 


k  1  m 


Fig.  5. 


(d)  An  emergency  signal  known  to  all  members  of  the  group 
should  be  selected  to  identify  intelligence  men.  The  chief 
should  be  the  company  commander  or  a  trusted,  loyal,  capable 
subaltern. 


V 


y 


Chapter  XII. 

LEGAL. 

118.  Laws  that  govern  military  forces  may  be  divided  into 
three  classes: 

(a)  Martial  law. 

(b)  Military  law. 

(c)  Civil  law. 

A.  Martial  Law. 

119.  Martial  law  is  the  assumption  of  military  over  civil  au- 
thority. The  authority  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  to 
declare  martial  law  is  clearly  set  forth  in  Army  Regulations 
(1913),  Article  XLVII.  Under  these  statutes  he  may  declare 
any  prescribed  part  of  the  country  to  be  in  a  state  of  insurrec- 
tion and  may  thereafter  exercise  martial  law  within  a  district 
without  reference  to  any  civil  authority  whatever.  Its  existence 
may  be  recognized  by  proclamation  issued  either  by  the  Presi- 
dent or  by  the  proper  military  commander,  in  which  is  an- 
nounced the  purpose  of  making  use  of  such  measures,  involving 
the  use  of  such  military  force  as  may  be  necessary  to  restore 
civil  order. 

120.  The  proclamation  describes  the  emergency  and  defines  the 
limits  within  which  it  exists  and  prescribes  such  rules  of  con- 
duct for  individuals  as  are  Warranted  by  the  necessities  of  the 
case.  It  is  customary  in  such  proclamation  to  call  upon  all  law- 
abiding  citizens  to  assist  in  the  restoration  of  order  by  strict 
observance  of  the  laws  by  continuing  in  the  quiet  pursuit  of 
their  usual  avocations  and  by  refraining  from  participation  in 
assemblages  which  are  or  are  likely  to  become  tumultuous  or 
otherwise  unlawful  (see  Appendix  *B). 

121.  Martial  law  is  divided  into — 

(a)  The  law  of  hostile  occupation.     (Military  government.) 

( b )  Martial  law  as  applied  to  the  Army. 

(c)  Martial  law  at  home. 

(54) 


55 

The  third  of  the  above  cases  (c)  has  the  greatest  bearing  on 
riot  duty.    It  is  treated  in  the  following  paragraphs : 

122.  Martial  law  (c)  can  not  be  said  to  exist,  in  the  strict 
sense  of  the  term,  unless  the  control  of  the  military  commander 
is  absolute.  When  any  civil  authority  directs  or  limits  the 
powers  and  scope  of  the  military  proceedings  a  degree  of  civil 
law  exists,  with  troops  as  an  aid,  rather  than  any  degree  of 
martial  law. 

123.  Under  martial  law  it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  command- 
ing officer  to  assume  the  entire  government  of  the  district  in 
which  such  law  is  declared.  He,  or  his  subordinates  acting 
under  his  direction,  are  temporarily  the  legislative,  judicial,  and 
executive  branches  of  the  government  combined,  and  while  in 
such  control  the  power  of  a  military  commander  is  practically 
unlimited.  The  commanding  officer  may  direct  certain  civil 
officers  and  courts  to  carry  on  their  regular  duties  under  direc- 
tions of  the  military  authorities. 

124.  The  chief  military  officer  should,  where  not  inconsistent 
with  the  purposes  for  which  troops  are  in  the  field,  enforce  the 
existing  civil  laws  and  such  additional  special  regulations  as 
he  may  see  fit  to  make.  Where  neither  of  these  applies  the  laws 
and  customs  of  war  are  applied. 

125.  Upon  assuming  command  of  a  military  district  under 
martial  law,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  senior  officers  to  issue  an  order, 
or  proclamation,  setting  forth  in  a  brief  manner  the  fact  that 
he  has  assumed  control  of  the  government,  giving  some  idea 
of  what  civil  laws  will  remain  in  force,  announcing  a  few  of  the 
most  important  special  regulations  that  he  intends  to  put  into 
effect,  etc. 

Such  an  order  may  contain  one  or  more  of  the  following  pro- 
visions and  such  others  as  circumstances  may  require : 

(a)  For  the  arrest  and  detention  or  deportation  of  all  persons 
found  in  the  district  and  appearing  not  to  have  any  employment 
if  found  on  the  streets. 

(&)  Prohibiting  the  sale  of  firearms. 

(c)  Prohibiting  the  public  from  having  firearms  in  their 
possession. 

(d)  Closing  saloons. 

(e)  Prohibiting  loitering  on  the  streets.  Persons  found  on 
the  streets  who  appear  to  be  habitually  idle  and  without  visible 
means  of  support  should  be  placed  under  arrest. 


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56 

(f)  Prohibiting  the  gathering  of  more  than  a  certain  number 
of  persons. 

(g)  Prohibiting  persons  without  passes  from  being  on  the 
streets  after  dark,  or  a  certain  designated  hour. 

(h)  Closing  certain  streets,  squares,  or  other  places  to  the 
public. 

(i)  Regulating  the  performances  in  theaters. 

(;)  Prohibiting  certain  matter  in  newspapers,  or  preventing 
the  publication  of  these  papers. 

(k)  The  publication  of  pamphlets,  handbills,  or  newspaper 
items  tending  in  any  way  to  influence  the  public  mind  against 
military  authority,  or  reflecting  upon  the  United  States  or  its 
officers  should  under  no  circumstances  be  permitted. 

126.  The  commanding  officer  is  responsible  to  his  military 
superiors  alone  while  the  tour  of  duty  continues,  and,  unless 
prevented  by  such  superiors,  may  make  any  temporary  laws 
(subject  to  the  laws  and  customs  of  war)  that  he  sees  fit. 

127.  From  this,  therefore,  we  see  that  the  fundamental  ques- 
tion for  the  immediate  commanding  officer  to  decide  is :  Whether 
the  taking  of  life  is  necessary  for  the  effectual  performance  of 
the  duty  imposed  upon  him. 

128.  He  must  bring  to  the  solution  of  the  question  an  honest 
determination  to  do  his  duty ;  he  must  not  act  "  from  reckless- 
ness or  a  love  of  power  or  to  gratify  any  passion  " ;  he  must  not 
be  influenced  by  a  desire  to  retaliate  or  to  inflict  punishment. 
He  must  also  bear  in  mind  that  the  mere  use  of  insulting  or 
abusive  words  is  not  of  itself  enough  to  justify  extreme  force. 

129.  Remember  that  an  officer  who  is  by  law  authorized  to 
suppress  a  mob  is  by  the  nature  of  things  given  discretionary 
power,  and  can  not  therefore  be  held  responsible  for  errors  of 
judgment  or  mistakes  of  law  as  long  as  he  acts  in  good  faith 
and  without  malice,  corruption,  or  cruelty  and  keeps  within  the 
scope  of  his  authority. 

130.  No  more  firing  should  be  employed  than  is  necessary  to 
accomplish  the  object  in  view — that  is,  if  in  the  opinion  of  the 
commanding  officer  the  firing  of  two  or  three  men  or  a  squad 
can  accomplish  his  purpose,  then  only  two  or  three  or  a  squad 
are  ordered  to  fire;  if  in  his  opinion  the  whole  company  is 
necessary  in  order  to  accomplish  his  purpose,  then  the  whole 
company  is  ordered  to  fire. 

Remember,  whatever  the  number  firing  may  be,  all  firing  must 
cease  the  very  instant  it  is  no  longer  necessary — the  moment 
the  commanding  officer's  object  has  been  accomplished. 


57 

Every  endeavor  should  first  be  made  to  induce  the  rioters  to 
disperse  before  ordering  the  troops  to  fire  on  them. 
Now  to  sum  up  what  has  been  said  on  this  subject : 
The  law  and  Army  Regulations  give  only  four  concrete  cases 
where  troops  may, fire  on  rioters: 

(1)  To  prevent  the  perpetration  of  a  felony  if  it  can  not  be 
stopped  otherwise. 

(2)  To  arrest  one  who  has  committed  a  felony  if  he  can  not 
be  arrested  otherwise. 

(3)  In  case  any  individual  rioter  fires  upon  the  troops,  he 
may  be  shot  down. 

(4)  In  case  any  individual  rioter  throws  missiles  at  the 
troops,  he  may  be  shot  down.  * 

131.  Safe  conducts. — In  the  exercise  of  absolute  martial  law, 
intercourse  between  a  certain  district  and  the  surrounding 
vicinity  may  sometimes  be  prohibited.  It  will  then  be  neces- 
sary to  issue  safe  conducts  to  trustworthy  persons  whose  lawful 
business  requires  them  to  pass  through  barred  zones. 

These  safe  -conducts  should  be  numbered  and  registered. 

132.  The  martial  law  thus  established  does  not  cease  until 
express  proclamation  or  order  restores  the  civil  authorities. 

Martial  law  consists  in  the  suspension,  by  the  occupying 
military  authority,  of  the  criminal  and  civil  law  and  of  the 
domestic  administration  and  government  in  the  occupied  terri- 
tory and  in  the  substitution  of  military  rule  and  force  for  the 
same,  as  well  as  in  the  dictation  of  general  laws,  as  far  as 
military  necessity  requires  this  suspension,  substitution,  or 
dictation. 

133.  The  military  commander  may  proclaim  certain  laws. 
(a)  No    general    penalty,    pecuniary    or    otherwise,    can    be 

inflicted  on  the  whole  population  on  account  of  the  acts  of 
individuals  unless  the  entire  population  is  collectively  re- 
sponsible. 

(&)  No  taxes  shall  be  collected  except  under  a  written  order 
and  on  the  responsibility  of  a  commander  in  chief.  This  col- 
lection shall  only  take  place,  as  far  as  possible,  in  accordance 
with  the  rules  in  existence  and  the  assessment  of  taxes  in  force. 

(c)  Neither  requisition  in  kind  nor  services  can  be  demanded 
from  civilians  except  for  the  necessities  of  the  army  of  occupa- 
tion. They  must  be  in  proportion  to  the  resources  of  the  country 
and  demanded  only  on  the  authority  of  the  commander  in  the 
locality  occupied.     Receipts  must  be  given  in  every  instance. 


58 

(d)  The  commander  of  an  attacking  force,  before  commenc- 
ing a  bombardment,  except  in  the  case  of  an  assault,  shall  give 
fair  warning. 

(e)  Railways,  telegraphs,  telephones,  ships,  and  all  kinds  of 
war  material  may  be  used  for  military  service,  but  shall  be 
restored  at  the  conclusion  of  peace  and  compensation  paid  for 
their  use. 

(f)  Family  honors  and  rights,  individual  lives,  and  private 
property,  as  well  as  religious  convictions  and  liberty,  must  be 
respected.    Private  property  can  not  be  confiscated. 

(g)  Edifices  devoted  to  religion,  art,  science,  and  charity r 
especially  all  hospitals  and  places  where  sick  and  wounded  are 
collected,  should  be  protected.  These  may  be  indicated  by  some 
particular  and  visible  sign. 

(h)  Pillage  is  absolutely  prohibited  even  where  a  town  or 
place  is  taken  by  assault. 

(i)  No  property  will  be  destroyed  or  seized  unless  such  de- 
struction or  seizure  be  imperatively  demanded  by  the  necessities 
of  war. 

(j)  All  personal  belongings  of  prisoners  of  war,  except 
arms,  horses,  and  military  papers,  shall  remain  their  property. 
Prisoners  must  be  humanely  treated.  A  prisoner  of  war  is  a 
public  enemy  armed  or  attached  to  the  hostile  army  for  active 
aid,  who  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  captor,  either  fighting 
or  wounded,  on  the  field  or  in  the  hospital,  by  individual  sur- 
render or  by  capitulation. 

134.  Under  martial  law  ordinary  civil  suits,  etc.,  may  be 
directed  to  await  the  reopening  of  the  civil  courts,  or  may  be 
tried  by  a  military  commission.  Offenders  who  are  in  the 
military  service  or  attached  thereto  are  tried  by  a  court- 
martial  under  the  military  law.  Other  offenders  are  tried  by 
military  commissions. 

135.  A  military  commission,  or  such  commissions  as  may  be 
deemed  necessary,  may  be  formed  by  order  of  the  commanding 
officer  of  a  district  under  martial  law,  or  by  the  commander  in. 
chief  of  the  troops.  Military  commissions  are  habitually  con- 
stituted of  not  less  than  three  capable  officers.  Members  of  a 
court-martial  or  an  entire  court-martial  may,  by  orders,  also 
be  constituted  a  military  commission. 

136.  Military  courts  and  commissions  and  the  commanding 
officers  of  troops  enforcing  absolute  martial  law  in  the  United 
States,  should  avoid  taking  action  that  may  appear  to  trespass 


59 

on  the  rights  of  the  civil  authorities,  who  will  succeed  the 
military  when  law  and  order  are  restored.  As  it  is  unusual  for 
the  military  to  remain  long  in  power  in  this  country,  it  should 
be  the  policy  of  its  officers  to  delay  civil  suits,  the  trial  of 
criminals,  etc.,  until  the  civil  authorities  can  properly  perform 
their  duties.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the  exigencies  of  the 
occasion  require  it,  the  use  of  military  commissions  should  not 
be  neglected. 

By  inducing  or  allowing  certain  civil  courts  and  incidental 
officers  to  perform  their  usual  functions,  the  military  authori- 
ties may  save  considerable  trouble  and  annoyance. 

PUNISHMENTS. 

137.  Punishments  will  never  be  unnecessarily  cruel,  but  are 
occasionally  unusual.  Unusual  punishments  are  sometimes  re- 
quired by  stress  of  circumstances,  and  at  other  times  are 
resorted  to  as  deterrents  in  lieu  of  more  severe  punishments. 
It  was  necessary  to  break  up  the  practice  of  selling  vino  to 
soldiers  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  A  woman  was  caught  re- 
peatedly in  this  trade.  A  military  judge  sentenced  the  woman 
to  have  her  hair  cut  short.  As  Filipino  women  are  vary  vain 
of  this  luxuriant  hair,  the  sentence  seemed  terribly  severe  to 
the  culprit.  Her  insolence  vanished  and  she  began  to  beg  for 
another  chance.  The  sentence  was  immediately  executed,  and, 
thereafter,  not  another  woman  in  Manila  sold  vino  to  the 
soldiers. 

138.  While  it  should  be  the  constant  endeavor  of  the  military 
authorities  to  exercise  the  powers  of  martial  law  moderately,  it 
must  not  be  supposed  that  its  enforcement  will  not  be  as  firm  and 
vigorous  as  the  occasion  may  demand. 

HABEAS    COKPUS. 

139.  Federal  troops  can  not  properly  be  served  with  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus,  issuing  from  a  State  court,  for  the  protection  of 
the  person  of  a  civilian  witness  held  under  a  warrant  of  attach- 
ment or  of  an  enlisted  man  or  military  convict. 

140.  Army  Regulations  require  that  officers  make  respectful 
returns,  in  writing,  to  all  writs  of  habeas  corpus  served  on  them. 
Should  the  writ  be  issued  by  a  State  court  or  judge  and  served 
upon  an  Army  officer,  commanding  him  to  produce  an  enlisted 
man  or  a  general  prisoner  and  show  cause  for  his  detention,  the 
officer  will  decline  to  produce  in  court  the  body  of  the  person 


J 


60 

named  in  the  writ,  but  will  make  respectful  return  in  writing 
to  the  effect  that  the  man  is  a  duly  enlisted  soldier  of  the  United 
States  or  a  general  prisoner  under  sentence  of  court-martial,  as 
the  case  may  be,  and  that  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  has  decided  that  a  magistrate  or  court  of  a  State  has  no 
jurisdiction  in  such  a  case. 

141.  A  writ  of  habeas  corpus  issued  by  a  United  States  court 
or  judge  will  be  promptly  obeyed.  Further  information  on  this 
subject  will  be  found  in  Army  Regulations  and  in  the  Manual 
for  Courts-Martial. 

142.  Should  a  United  States  court  issue  a  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  it  will  be  promptly  obeyed  and  the  facts  reported  by  wire 
to  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  and  such  other  persons  as 
are  designated  by  the  Army  Regulations. 

Note. — For  habeas  corpus,  writs  of  attachment,  see  General 
Courts-Martial  Manual,  1917,  pages  387-394. 

LIABILITY   OF  OFFICERS. 

143.  In  the  enforcement  of  the  laws,  Federal  troops  are  em- 
ployed as  a  part  of  the  military  power  of  the  United  States  and 
act  under  the  orders  of  the  President  as  Commander  in  Chief. 
The  commanding  officers  of  troops  so  employed  are  directly  re- 
sponsible to  their  military  superiors.  Any  unlawful  or  unau- 
thorized act  on  their  part  would  not  be  excusable  on  the  ground 
of  an  order  or  request  received  by  them  from  a  marshal  or  any 
other  civil  officer. 

144.  The  strictest  kind  of  orders  should  be  given  that  no  one 
shall  fire  a  single  shot  except  upon  an  order  from  an  officer,  but 
in  individual  cases  of  self-defense  soldiers  would  not  have  to 
wait  for  orders  to  fire. 

145.  Paragraph  489  of  the  1917  Army  Regulations  says :  "  The 
fire  of  troops  should  be  withheld  until  timely  warning  has  been 
given  to  the  innocent  who  may  be  mingled  with  the  mob.  Troops 
must  never  fire  into  a  crowd  unless  ordered  by  their  command- 
ing officer,  except  that  single  selected  sharpshooters  when  so 
instructed  may  shoot  down  individual  rioters  who  have  fired 
upon  or  thrown  missiles  at  the  troops.  As  a  general  rule  the 
bayonet  alone  should  be  used  against  mixed  crowds  in  the  first 
stages  of  a  revolt.  But  as  soon  as  sufficient  warning  has  been 
given  to  enable  the  innocent  to  separate  themselves  from  the 
guilty,  the  action  of  the  troops  should  be  governed  solely  by  the 
tactical  considerations  involved  in  the  duty  they  are  ordered  to 


61 

perform.  They  should  make  their  blows  so  effective  as  to 
promptly  suppress  all  resistance  to  lawful  authority,  and  should 
stop  the  destruction  of  life  the  moment  lawless  resistance  has 
ceased.  Punishment  belongs  not  to  the  troops  but  to  the  courts 
of  justice." 

146.  These  are  the  general  principles  of  the  common  law  on 
the  subject: 

(a)  The  justification  allowed  by  the  common  law  to  the  taking 
of  life  in  cases  of  riot  is  limited  to  the  necessity  of  the  case. 

( b )  The  infliction  of  death  or  bodily  harm  is  not  a  crime  when 
it  is  done  "  for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  a  general  and  dan- 
gerous riot  which  can  not  otherwise  be  suppressed." 

(c)  "  The  taking  of  life  can  only  be  justified  by  the  necessity 
for  protecting  persons  or  property  against  various  forms  of 
violent  crime  or  by  the  necessity  of  dispersing  a  riotous  crowd 
which  is  dangerous  unless  dispersed." 

147.  Before  issuing  any  order  which  may  be  questioned  in 
future  an  officer  should  make  certain  of  two  things : 

(a)  That  proof  exists  which  shows  conclusive  justification  for 
giving  the  order. 

(b)  That  the  proof  will  be  available  when  needed.  / 
The  question  of  whether  or  not  certain  measures  were  un- 
necessarily severe  is  sometimes  left  to  a  jury. 

148.  If  rioters  are  followed  and  needlessly  cut  down  after^ 
they  have  dispersed,  it  is  murder.     In  cases  where  rioters  stand 
their  ground  and  the  riot  can  not  be  suppressed  or  the  mob  can 
not  be  dispersed  without  killing  one  or  more  persons,  under  such 
circumstances,  homicide  will  be  justifiable. 

149.  If  an  officer  is  justified  in  giving  an  order,  his  right  to 
issue  the  same  will  hardly  be  questioned  afterwards  in  a  crimi- 
nal or  civil  proceeding,  if  it  is  known  that  the  officer  possesses 
proof  showing  his  justification.  The  importance  of  preparing 
proof  before  an  officer  takes  any  arbitrary  action  can  not  be 
emphasized  too  strongly. 

150.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  has  decided  that 
in  order  to  obtain  judgment  against  an  officer  for  acts  alleged 
to  have  been  done  while  on  duty,  the  burden  of  proof  is  upon  the  " 
party  complaining  to  show  that  the  officer  whose  acts  are  pre- 
sumed to  be  legal  exceeded  his  authority,  was  corrupt,  unneces- 
sarily cruel,  or  committed  a  malicious  and  willful  error  It  is 
sometimes  necessary  to  seize,  use,  or  destroy  private  property ; 
for  example,  it  may  be  necessary  to  seize  food  or  means  of  trans-   , 


\ 


62 

portation  for  the  troops,  to  convert  the  nearest  suitable  material 
into  barricades,  or  to  destroy  a  building  occupied  by  rioters.  If 
the  danger  is  great  or  the  necessity  urgent,  the  commanding 
officer  should  not  hesitate.  While  it  is  true  that  he  may  thus 
render  himself  liable  to  civil  action,  he  need  have  no  fear  if  he 
has  not  exercised  his  power  in  a  corrupt  or  malicious  manner. 

POWER  OF   TROOPS   IN    AID   OF   THE   CIVIL   AUTHORITIES. 


y/  151.  Unless  an  executive  officer,  having  the  power,  declares  a 
city,  county,  State,  or  other  portion  of  the  country  to  be  in  a 
state  of  insurrection,  the  civil  authorities  remain  supreme. 

152.  In  case  of  a  riot  or  rebellious  assembly,  the  peace  officers 
and  their  assistants,  endeavoring  to  suppress  the  riot  or  disperse 
a  mob,  are  justified  by  the  common  law  and  by  most  State  stat- 
utes in  proceeding  to  the  last  extremities  in  case  the  riot  can 
not  be  otherwise  suppressed ;  and  it  has  been  held  that  the  kill- 
ing of  rioters  in  such  cases  is  justified.  Even  private  persons 
are  often  justified  in  killing  participants  in  such  riots,  especially 
in  self-defense.  The  troops  on  duty  are  likewise  justified  in 
taking  life  in  carrying  out  the  orders  of  the  civil  authorities, 
but  only  when  such  extremities  are  necessary  in  the  opinion  of 
the  commander.  As  it  is  impossible  to  distinguish  between 
guilty  and  innocent  persons  in  a  mob,  all  who  are  present  and 
who  do  not  disperse  when  commanded  to  do  so  are  held  to  be 
members  of  the  mob. 

153.  It  is  a  well-established  principle  that  troops  can  not  use 
any  more  force  than  is  necessary  to  accomplish  the  desired  re- 
sults. In  the  determination  of  the  force  needed  the  officer  in 
command  is,  of  necessity,  allowed  a  great  deal  of  latitude,  the 
principle  being  that  he  must  have  acted  in  good  faith  and  with- 
out malice  or  evil  intent. 

h  154.  Troops  have  no  authority  to  punish  rioters  or  others  for 
any  acts  committed,  no  matter  how  heinous  the  crime  and  no 
matter  what  losses  the  troops  may  have  suffered.  No  force  can 
be  used  by  the  troops  after  resistance  ceases. 

155.  Orders  are  disobeyed  at  the  peril  of  the  one  who  dis- 
obeys and  should  an  order  be  questioned  by  a  subordinate  and 
afterwards  prove  to  have  been  legal  the  subordinate  could  be 
punished  for  his  failure  to  obey.  On  the  other  hand,  if  an  order 
is  obeyed  and  later  proved  not  to  have  been  legal,  the  person 
obeying  can  only  be  punished  if  any  average  man  would  have 


J 


63 

seen  at  once  that  the  order  should  not  have  been  obeyed.    It  is 
a  safe  rule  to  obey  orders  when  in  doubt. 

156.  The  military  officer  is  at  all  times  at  liberty  to  act  as 
lie  sees  fit  and  when  he  does  obey  the  directions  or  requests  of 
a  civilian,  he  does  so  on  the  assumption  that  he  agrees  with  all 
that  is  done  and  takes  full  responsibility  as  though  all  acts  had 
•originated  under  his  order. 

157.  As  Federal  troops  can  not  take  orders  from  civil  author- 
ities and  can  not  be  arrested  by  them  when  on  duty  in  time  of 
riot,  etc.,  it  can  not  strictly  be  said  that  such  troops  ever  serve 
in  aid  of  the  civil  authorities  in  the  same  sense  that  the  State 
troops  do.  A  degree  of  martial  law  actually  exists  whenever 
Federal  troops  go  on  duty  for  such  a  purpose. 

158.  A  sentry  on  duty  with  troops,  in  aid  of  the  civil  author— 
ities,  may  fire  at  any  time,  in  obedience  to  his  special  or  general 
orders,  and  is  protected  by  the  principles  covering  enlisted  men 
wrho  fire  at  the  command  of  a  superior.  A  sentry  is  protected 
by  all  principles  covering  the  firing  by  troops  and  by  the  State 
statutes  exempting  soldiers  from  liability  for  acts  done  in  the 
performance  of  their  duty. 

159.  A  soldier  who  sees  a  felony  or  a  breach  of  the  peace  com- 
mitted, may  arrest,  without  a  warrant,  the  person  or  persons 
committing  the  act.  Also,  a  soldier  who  knows  positively  that 
a  felony  has  been  committed  and  has  reasonable  grounds  to 
believe  that  a  certain  person  or  persons  committed  the  act,  may 
arrest  that  person  or  persons  without  a  warrant. 

160.  If  a  person  who  has  committed  a  felony  takes  refuge  in  a 
building,  a  soldier  who  has  seen  the  felony  committed  may  pursue 
the  felon  into  such  building  for  the  purpose  of  making  an  arrest. 
Should  admittance  be  refused,  an  entrance  may  be  forced. 

161.  When  troops  have  arrested  civilians  they  may  hold  them 
in  custody  only  as  long  as  conditions  make  necessary,  after 
which  all  civilian  prisoners  should  be  turned  over  to  the  civil 
authorities.  It  is  lawful  for  the  military  authorities  to  hold  a 
civilian  prisoner,  when  there  is  not  a  proper  number  of  civilian 
officials  present,  for  the  protection  or  retention  of  such  prisoners, 
or  when  the  good  faith  of  a  subordinate  civil  officer  present  is 
doubted  and  it  is  desired  to  receive  word  from  the  chief  civil 
officer,  under  whom  the  troops  are  acting,  as  to  the  disposition 
to  be  made  of  the  prisoner.  As  soon  as  such  conditions  or  other 
similar  conditions  that  warrant  the  troops  in  holding  such 
prisoners  cease  the  military  authorities  must  at  once  surrender 
the  prisoners  to  the  proper  officials.  / 


64 

162.  The  fact  that  the  civil  authorities  are  unable  to  protect 
prisoners  or  that  they  fear  their  escape  and  troops  are  placed  on 
guard  over  them  does  not  take  such  prisoners  from  the  hands  of 
the  civil  authorities. 

163.  The  commanding  officer  may  place  in  arrest  disorderly 
persons  within  the  confines  of  camp  grounds,  parade  grounds, 
armory,  or  barracks,  or  any  persons  who  disturb  troops  in  the 
performance  of  any  duty.  This  applies  to  civilians  as  well  as  to 
soldiers.  Civilians  so  arrested  can  not  be  detained  for  an  un- 
reasonable length  of  time.  At  the  first  convenient  opportunity, 
or  at  the  close  of  the  duty,  they  should  be  turned  over  to  the  civil 
authorities,  if  it  is  desired  that  they  be  punished. 

PRIVATE  PROPERTY  OF  PRISONERS. 

164.  The  commanding  officer  may  appoint  an  officer  in  charge 
of  prisoners  who  may,  with  martial-law  prisoners,  be  required 
to  follow  military  law,  as  follows: 

"He  (this  officer)  will  have  charge  of  the  property,  money, 
and  valuables  belonging  to  prisoners,  which  they  are  not  per- 
mitted to  keep  in  their  possession  and  will  disburse  said  money, 
when  desired  by  the  owner,  for  such  purposes  as  may  be  ap- 
proved by  the  commanding  officer." 

When  martial  law  is  being  exercised  in  a  military  district  this 
officer  in  charge  of  prisoners  may  perform  the  duties  mentioned, 
with  other  functions,  under  the  title  of  provost  marshal  or  pro- 
vost officer. 

165.  Immediately  upon  the  completion  of  the  tour  of  duty  and 
the  return  of  the  troops  to  their  home  stations,  with  the  conse- 
quent resumption  of  power  by  the  civil  authorities,  the  troops 
may  be  held  to  answer  before  the  civil  courts  for  acts  which  ap- 
pear to  be  in  excess  of  the  powers  given  to  a  commander  under 
martial  law  or  in  violation  of  the  laws  and  customs  of  war,  but 
it  is  only  when  the  powers  of  an  officer  were  manifestly  and 
maliciously  exceeded  that  it  is  probable  that  he  would  receive 
any  punishment  or  have  damages  awarded  against  him. 

PROVOST   MARSHALS. 

166.  Officers  may  be  detailed  as  provost  marshals  for  matters 
involving  the  details  of  martial  law  administration  and  may  be 
supplied  with  certain  judicial  machinery  and  made  judges  of 
provost  courts  in  certain  districts.     Orders  appointing  provost 


65 

marshals  usually  fully  outline  their  duties  and  may  provide  for 
provost  guards  to  act  under  their  direction.  The  provost  mar- 
shal may  be  authorized  to  arrest  persons  accused  of  certain 
offenses  and  to  perform  many  other  details  of  martial  law  ad- 
ministration. He  may  be  charged  with  the  care  of  all  prisoners, 
prison  regulation  of  express  packages,  protection  of  certain 
classes  of  property,  press  censorship,  railway  passenger  control, 
regulation  of  certain  business  houses,  and  numerous  other  mat- 
ters.    In  Federal  service  he  might  be  given  charge  of  the  mails. 

DESTRUCTION    OF    CROPS. 

167.  The  burning  and  destruction  of  crops  and  supplies,  to 
prevent  their  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  has  been  au- 
thorized on  the  ground  of  the  public  safety.  But  this  rule  ap- 
plies only  to  insurrection  where  some  of  the  insurgents  compose 
armed  bands  and  these  bands  are  in  the  field  against  govern- 
mental troops. 

168.  Billeting  troops  without  consent  of  the  owners  of  the  </ 
property  is  prohibited.  But  this  provision  does  not  prevent 
quartering  the  troops  in  public  buildings  (not  in  private  build- 
ings) by  contract  with  the  owners.  Assembly  halls,  vacant 
business  blocks,  and  other  large  buildings  with  large  rooms  are 
the  best  means  of  quartering  troops,  because  they  permit  of 
sleeping  a  company  or  more  in  each  room  and  the  property  for 
which  the  company  commander  is  responsible  can  be  more 
readily  guarded.     In  some  rare  instances  private  houses  may 

be  used  as  quarters.  These  instances  arise  where,  in  extreme 
weather,  use  of  such  habitations  is  absolutely  necessary  to  pre- 
serve the  men  and  where  inhabitants  have  fled  and  where  the 
inhabitants  are  known  insurgents  and  under  surveillance. 

169.  Receipts. — When  private  property  is  used  for  any  reason,  v 
provision  must  be  made  for  the  determination  of  the  amount  of 
damage  or  compensation  that  properly  belongs  to  an  owner. 

Whenever  practicable  receipts  in  detail  should  be  given  for 
supplies  and  property  seized  and  transportation  or  labor  requisi- 
tioned; such  receipts  will  assist  materially  in  adjusting  claims 
that  are  sure  to  follow. 


GROUND   FOR   ENCAMPMENTS. 

170.  The  power  to  take  property  does  not  include  the  power 
to  encamp  on  the  private  lands  of  civilians  without  their  con- 
sent except  in  time  of  war. 
128298—19 5 


• 


Chapter  XIII. 

AIDS  TO  PROTECTION  AT  NIGHT. 

171.  Protective  lights. — An  object  is  revealed  to  the  eye 
either  because  light  falling  upon  it  is  reflected  back  or  because 
it  is  outlined  as  a  shadow  against  a  lighter  background. 

If  everywhere  around  property  to  be  protected,  one  of  these 
conditions  is  obtained  through  a  sufficient  quantity  of  light, 
properly  directed  and  diffused,  guarding  becomes  simple.  To 
see  an  object  readily  requires  strong  contrast  between  such 
object  and  its  background. 

This  principle  is  the  exact  reverse  of  camouflage,  where  it  is 
desired  to  make  objects  invisible  by  blending  them  with  their 
backgrounds. 

172.  An  armed  guard  on  a  fixed  post  is  able  to  protect  prop- 
erty effectively  in  the  daytime,  but  night  renders  this  protec- 
tion materially  less  effective  and  his  enemies  have  more  oppor- 
tunities to  operate  unobserved  because  there  are  generally  fewer 
persons  about.  Darkness  therefore  is  a  great  aid  to  the  doer 
of  crime.    A  few  simple  rules  are  worth  remembering : 

(a)  Illuminate  every  point  in  the  guarded  area. 

( b )  A  rifle  bullet  can  travel  faster  than  a  fleeing  enemy. 

(c)  Conceal  the  source  of  light  from  the  eyes  of  the  guard. 
If  anyone  is  to  be  blinded  by  light  let  it  be  the  trespasser. 

(d)  Safeguard  the  supply  of  electricity  by  rendering  it  inac- 
cessible and  by  providing  duplicate  supply  systems. 

(e)  Keep  the  guards  in  deep  shadow  watching  bands  of  light 
which  must  be  crossed  to  effect  damage. 

173.  Protective  lighting  loses  much  of  its  effectiveness  in  fog. 
This  fact  should  be  borne  in  mind  by  the  commanding  officer 
and  additional  guarding  precautions  should  be  taken  in  case  of 
fog.    Patrols  may  be  of  great  importance. 

174.  Yellow  light  possesses  a  slight  advantage  in  fog  over 
white  light  and  a  guard  will  experience  some  slight  advantage 
by  wearing  yellow  glasses  when  looking  from  behind  a  search- 
light along  the  beam  of  light. 

(66) 


67 

175.  Lighting*  of  boundary  fences. — A  high  fence  around  the 
boundary  of  a  property  is  an  important  feature  of  protective 
methods.  This  fence  should  be  preferably  of  barb  wire  or  wire 
netting  so  constructed  as  to  make  it  necessary  for  a  trespasser 
to  expend  considerable  time  in  surmounting  or  passing  through 
it.  If  the  fence  is  solid  or  opaque,  it  may  with  advantage  be 
painted  white  or  whitewashed,  and  should  be  topped  by  barb- 
wire  fence  several  wires  high. 

(a)  A  boundary  fence  should  be  illuminated  at  night  in  order 
to  ward  off  intruders  to  simplify  patrolling.  Adequate  illumina- 
tion of  the  boundary  fence  not  only  makes  for  safety  but  also 
works  for  economy,  in  that  it  lessens  the  need  for  extensive 
patrol.  There  are  two  general  practices  of  lighting  such 
boundary  fences,  both  of  which  have  certain  advantages  and 
either  of  which  may  be  applied  to  advantage  in  most  cases. 

( b )  The  best  method  of  illuminating  boundary  fences  or  walls 
of  rectangular  buildings  or  inclosures  is  by  placing  double 
flood  lights  at  the  diagonal  corners,  the  beams  of  light  being 
thrown  along  the  two  walls  at  right  angles  to  one  another.  It 
is  well  to  adjust  the  beam  so  that  it  falls  just  outside  the  fence 
or  wall,  its  edge  corresponding  with  the  fence. 

(c)  If  the  wall  or  fence  is  too  long  for  the  beam  of  light  to 
adequately  cover  the  distance  supplementary  arc  lights  may  be 
provided  at  intermediate  points.  They  should  be  supplied  from 
independent  electric  circuits. 

(d)  It  may  be  advantageous  to  locate  a  sentry  upon  a  raised 
platform  which  mounts  the  flood-lighting  unit  or  is  located  in  a 
deep  shadow. 

(e)  In  protective  lighting,  care  should  be  taken  to  see  that 
all  nooks  and  corners  are  illuminated  to  obliterate  dangerous 
shadows. 

(/)  At  all  places  of  entrance  or  exit  comparatively  brilliant 
illumination  is  required  over  a  small  area. 

(g)  Where  material  is  stored  it  is  difficult  to  avoid  shadows. 
In  this  case  illuminants  should  be  mounted  relatively  high  and 
with  short  spacing  intervals. 

176.  It  is  not  the  intention  of  this  manual  to  discuss  ex- 
tensively the  many  and  diversified  problems  of  protective  light- 
ing, but  merely  to  give  a  few  of  the  principles  to  be  observed. 
For  a  more  detailed  consideration  of  the  subject  the  reader  is 
referred  to  War  Department  Document  No.  800  on  the  subject 
of  "  Protective  Lighting,"  prepared  by  the  committee  on  war 


68 

service  of  the  Illuminating  Engineering  Society  and  published 
in  May,  1918,  by  the  War  Department.  Officers  and  enlisted 
men  who  have  special  enthusiasm  for  military  science  and  ex- 
pect to  remain  in  Federal  service  may  profitably  devote  addi- 
tional time  to  the  study  of  applied  minor  tactics,  map  reading 
and  map  making,  military  hygiene  and  sanitation,  first  aid, 
trench  warfare,  Army  paper  work,  military  law,  and  others  of 
the  scores  of  subjects  concerning  which  the  Army  officer  of  to- 
day should  be  informed,  but  which  subjects  have  no  direct  place 
in  this  work. 

177.  Good  hearing  is  a  great  help  at  night.  Where  silence 
reigns  at  night  a  listening  post  may  be  established  at  some 
elevation  above  the  ground  with  excellent  results. 


Chapter  XIV. 

WEAPONS. 

178.  The  following  are  deemed  essential  for  the  use  of  forces 
engaged  upon  the  preservation  of  property  and  life  and  in  the 
handling  of  crowds,  riots,  etc.,  when  mounted  men  are  not 
available : 

(a)  Riot  stick. 

(b)  Rifle  and  bayonet.  , 

(c)  Shotgun  of  the  sa wed-off  or  riot  type. 

(d)  Revolvers. 

(e)  Suitable  ammunition  for  each  weapon. 

(f)  Machine  guns. 

(g)  In  some  emergencies,  field  guns  with  projectiles. 
(h)  Electric  pocket  lights. 

For  local  transportation,  motorcycles  with  side  cars,  police 
patrol  wagons,  auto  trucks,  or  passenger  autos  are  desirable. 

179.  The  riot  stick  should  be  of  hardwood,  turned,  and  of 
uniform  pattern,  not  less  than  30  inches  long  and  1  inch  in 
diameter,  with  a  handle  so  shaped  as  to  aid  in  thrusting.  A 
rawhide  thong  of  16  inches  length  should  be  attached  securely 
to  the  stick  without  weakening  it  in  any  part  and  be  so  placed 
as  to  permit  the  thong  to  be  wrapped  around  the  hand  so  that 
the  stick  can  not  be  wrested  away  from  the  holder. 

The  thrust  is  the  most  desirable  use  of  a  riot  stick. 

180.  Machine  and  field  guns. — For  troops  the  machine  gun 
is,  of  course,  a  weapon  to  be  held  in  reserve  until  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  no  less  destructive  force  will  avail.  It 
should  never  be  brought  out  as  a  mere  menace,  and  only  an 
extraordinary  situation  would  warrant  its  use.  Their  moral 
effect  is  often  added  to  by  circulating  reports  as  to  their  ex- 
treme destructiveness.  For  defending  buildings  and  property 
the  location  of  the  gun  should  be  changed  at  nightfall  and  day- 
light. Where  no  barriers  are  constructed,  each  gun  crew 
should  station  sentries  about  200  feet  in  front  of  the  gun  and 
allow  no  assembling  of  persons  within  that  distance.  Field 
artillery  is  of  value  for  local  defense  chiefly  in  attacking  a 

(«9) 


70 

strongly  intrenched  and  barricaded  position.  In  the  city  its 
employment  is  almost  out  of  the  question.  In  open  country, 
however,  there  have  been  cases  where  outlaws  have  fortified 
themselves  in  an  isolated  house  or  in  some  similar  position  so 
strong  as  to  defy  rifle  fire.  Under  such  circumstances  a  few 
shells  from  a  field  gun  may  save  a  good  many  lives. 

181.  Shotguns. — For  troops  or  police  forces  the  shotgun  is 
normally  far  more  effective  than  the  rifle,  particularly  in  the 
city,  its  moral  force  being  nearly  as  great  and  the  dangers 
attending  its  discharge  being  very  much  less.  Gen.  Pershing's 
order  for  10,000  shotguns  and  the  adoption  by  the  Army  of  a 
shotgun  with  bayonet  for  sentries,  the  protest  of  Germany  as 
to  their  use  by  United  States  troops,  show  that  the  possibilities  of 
this  weapon  are  coming  to  be  more  and  more  fully  recognized. 
The  12-gauge  shell  loaded  with  No.  1  shot  is  particularly  effect- 
ive and  is  not  excessively  dangerous.  Buckshot,  however,  may 
also  be  used.  While  the  pump-gun  type  is,  on  the  whole,  the 
most  serviceable,  automatic,  double-barreled,  or  even  single- 
barreled  shotguns  may  be  used.  Shotguns  with  sawed-off  bar- 
rels— about  23  inches  long — are  better  than  those  with  long  ones. 
As  in  the  case  of  rifles,  the  number  of  shotguns  in  the  service 
equipment  should  be  absolutely  limited  by  the  number  of  men 
fully  qualified  by  experience  to  handle  them. 

182.  Riot  sticks. — For  police  purposes  the  whole  question  of 
proper  arms  for  crowd  or  mob  duty  may  be  summed  up  in  two 
words:  Never  Muff. 

Under  ordinary  service  conditions  in  the  city,  or  anywhere 
where  a  disorderly  assembly  may  be  forming,  the  riot  stick  is 
a  most  valuable  offensive  weapon  for  policemen.  Properly  used 
by  disciplined  bodies  of  men,  it  will  suffice  to  overawe  any 
crowd  not  extensively  equipped  with  firearms  and  will  disperse 
an  unlawful  gathering  or  break  up  a  meeting  without  bloodshed 
when  a  single  shot  or  bayonet  thrust  might  entail  the  most  dis- 
astrous consequences. 

There  is  no  element  of  "  bluff  "  about  the  riot  stick,  for  any 
trouble  maker  knows  that  it  will  be  used  freely  and  without 
hesitation,  whereas,  unless  the  situation  is  acutely  serious,  no 
commanding  officer  wants  to  give  his  men  the  order  of  fire, 
and  the  crowd  is  perfectly  well  aware  of  his  attitude.  A  man 
is  in  an  awkward  position  when  he  is  equipped  only  with  a 
weapon  which  he  hestiates,  and  quite  properly,  to  put  to  its 
correct  use. 


Chapter  XV. 
POLICE  FUNCTIONS. 

183.  Military  forces  having  been  called  upon  by  proper  au- 
thority to  aid  in  suppressing  riotings  or  violations  of  the  law 
it  is  their  duty  simply  to  carry  out  the  legal  orders  of  their 
superior  officers. 

184.  A  police  force  is  organized  for  five  specific  purposes : 

(1)  To  preserve  the  peace. 

(2)  To  enforce  the  law. 

(3)  To  protect  life  and  property. 

(4)  To  prevent  and  detect  crime. 

(5)  To  arrest  lawbreakers. 

No  man  can  be  a  success  as  a  police  officer  unless  he  knows 
those  five  fundamental  principles. 

185.  Upon  arrival  at  the  scene  of  a  crime  there  are  three 
things  to  do : 

.(a)  Arrest  the  perpetrator  of  the  crime. 

(b)  Safeguard  the  evidence. 

(c)  Procure  witnesses. 

If  these  three  things  are  done  completely,  systematically,  and 
intelligently,  the  chances  of  successfully  completing  the  case 
are  assured. 

186.  Arrests  may  be  made  under  three  instances  only: 

(1)  With  a  warrant. 

(2)  When  a  crime  is  committed  in  the  presence  of  the  person 
arresting. 

(3)  When  a  felony  has  in  fact  been  committed  and  reason- 
able grounds  exist  for  believing  that  the  person  to  be  arrested 
has  committed  it.  / 

187.  It  is  not  infrequent  for  occasions  to  arise  when  the 
police,  for  various  reasons,  fail  to  properly  perform  their  duties 
in  times  of  riot.  It  then  becomes  necessary  for  the  troops  to 
look  after  the  more  trivial  disorders  incident  to  the  riots.  In 
such  cases  a  large  number  of  men  is  required,  it  being  not  only 
necessary  to  have  sufficient  troops  present  to  defeat  a  mob,  but 
it  also  being  desirable  to  stop  absolutely  all  disorder  without 

(71) 


y 


J 


72 

using  the  extreme  power  which  a  soldier's  arms  and  training 
afford.  When  the  police  thus  fail  in  their  duty  the  commanding 
officer  should  request  sufficient  troops  to  supply  patrols  to  take 
the  place  of  the  police  and  at  the  same  time  maintain  larger 
bodies  at  advantageous  points  in  case  of  more  serious  trouble. 

188.  Closing  saloons. — Should  an  affected  area  be  not  placed 
under  martial  law  and  the  military  authorities  believe  that  it  is 
to  the  best  interest  of  the  community  that  saloons  or  other 
similar  places  be  closed,  they  should  suggest  the  fact  to  the  civil 
officers.  It  does  not  fall  within  the  province  of  the  military  com- 
mander to  issue  this  or  other  similar  orders. 

(a)  Not  only  do  saloons  afford  an  opportunity  for  intoxication 
and  consequent  disorders,  but  they  also  offer  a  place  for  rioters  to 
congregate,  talk,  and  plan. 

(&)  Whenever  a  saloon  keeper  harbors  disorderly  crowds  that 
become  a  menace  to  the  public  peace,  the  commanding  officer  in 
person  or  a  duly  authorized  officer  should  visit  the  saloon  with  a 
detachment  of  soldiers  and  notify  the  proprietor  that  the  place  is 
a  disorderly  one  and  that  unless  he  rid  his  place  immediately  of 
all  disorderly  and  undesirable  characters  and  then  maintain  it  in 
a  peaceful,  orderly,  law-abiding  manner  he,  the  officer,  will  have 
the  place  closed  by  the  civil  authorities  or  lay  the  matter  before 
the  proper  authorities  with  a  view  to  having  his  license  rescinded, 
depending  upon  the  law  of  the  State. 

(c)  The  closing  of  saloons  must,  as  a  rule,  be  done  by  the  civil 
authorities.  Should  the  military  commander  consider  the  closing 
of  saloons  advisable,  he  should  request  the  civil  authorities  to 
issue  the  necessary  orders. 

(d)  As  soon  as  practicable  after  the  command  arrives,  saloon 
keepers  should  be  instructed  not  to  sell  liquor  to  soldiers.  If, 
however,  they  should  do  so  after  such  instructions  have  been 
given,  then  steps  should  be  taken  to  have  the  saloons  closed. 

189.  Public  meetings,  especially  at  night,  are  almost  in- 
variably a  source  of  trouble.  They  afford  splendid  opportunity 
for  trouble-making  oratory.  They  should  be  prohibited,  but,  as 
in  the  case  of  closing  saloons,  the  order  must  come  from  the 
civil  authorities. 

Unnecessary  hardships  will  only  tend  to  create  public  senti- 
ment against  the  military  and,  in  many  cases,  arouse  sympathy 
for  the  rioters. 

190.  Ministers,  from  the  pulpit  and  otherwise,  are  very  often 
able  to  assist  materially  in  restoring  law  and  order,  and,  when 


73 

necessary,  their  good  offices  should  be  sought.  However,  should 
a  minister  endeavor  to  assist  the  rioters  in  any  way,  he  should 
then  be  treated  like  any  other  rioter. 

191.  Conduct,  appearance,  and  force  used. — The  conduct  of  \ 
troops  on  riot  duty  is  a  matter  of  extreme  importance.  The 
good  or  bad  effect  resulting  from  the  actions  of  soldiers  on  such 
duty  is  not  confined  to  mere  sentiment  lasting  a  few  days  or 
weeks,  but  permanently  affects  public  sentiment  toward  military 
forces. 

(a)  The  appearance  of  the  men  is  important.  An  untidy 
appearance,  dirty  or  improperly  worn  uniforms,  will  have  a  bad 
result.  As  the  troops  are  more  prominent  and  a  topic  of  much 
greater  interest  during  the  time  that  they  serve  on  riot  duty, 
these  seemingly  trivial  matters  are  correspondingly  more  im- 
portant than  when  in  camps,  barracks,  or  in  the  armory. 

( h )  The  troops  should  be  strictly  impartial,  especially  in 
labor  disturbances.  They  should  absolutely  prevent  all  dis- 
order, no  matter  from  what  source,  but  should  take  extreme 
care  to  show  no  favors  to  any  side  of  the  controversy. 

(c)  The  attitude  of  individual  officers  and  men  toward  per- 
sons with  whom  they  come  in  contact  is  important.  A  firm, 
courteous  demeanor  will  arouse  respect,  while  an  insolent  en- 
forcement of  power  leaves  the  civilian  with  an  everlasting  feel- 
ing of  resentment  against  military  power. 

(d)  "Cockiness"  among  soldiers  off  duty  must  not  be 
allowed. 

192.  Troops  should  be  especially  courteous  to  civilian  officials. 
Troops  should  never  jostle  or  lay  hands  upon  any  persons  who 
are  obeying  the  orders  given  and  such  orders  should  be  given 
courteously  to  citizens  who  are  peaceful  and  inoffensive. 

193.  Sentries. — Every  man  on  sentry  duty  is  measured  by  his 
individual  performance  of  duty.  He  should  therefore  conduct 
himself  in  such  manner  as  to  merit  the  approval  of  the  people 
with  whom  he  has  to  deal.  If  four  men  are  standing  in  a  group 
on  the  street,  three  of  whom  are  in  civilian  clothes  and  one  in 
uniform,  the  average  person  will  take  no  particular  note  of 
the  three  in  civilian  clothes  but  the  man  in  the  uniform  is 
noticed  and  remembered.  Why?  Because  men  in  civilian 
clothes  are  an  everyday  sight  and  their  actions  ordinarily  do 
not  attract  attention,  but  the  man  in  uniform  is  instinctively 
watched.  If  he  enters  a  saloon  he  attracts  attention  imme- 
diately, and  should  a  soldier  be  seen  coming  out  of  a  place  where 


74 

he  should  not  be,  the  public  is  very  quick  to  draw  its  own 
conclusions  and  brand  not  only  the  man  himself  but  the 
organization  to  which  he  belongs  as  inefficient  and  not  attend- 
ing to  business. 

(a)  Sentries  perform  a  duty  calling  for  extreme  authority 
over  all  persons,  military  or  civilian,  excepting  their  imme- 
diate superiors  on  the  guard.  For  a  sentry  to  receive  orders 
from,  or  allow  orders  to  be  violated  by  any  person  without 
proper  authority,  would  be  a  most  serious  military  offense. 
However,  civilians  can  not  understand  these  strict  military 
requirements  and  they  should  be  treated  accordingly.  The  most 
influential  and  law-abiding  citizen  has  no  more  right  to  pass 
a  sentry  without  proper  authority  than  has  one  of  the  riot  lead- 
ers, but  the  fact  should  be  explained  to  such  civilians  politely 
in  order  not  to  create  offense. 

(&)  United  States  Guard  duty  is,  among  other  things,  a  think- 
ing job ;  it  is  not  a  posing  job,  and  soldiers  are  not  paid  for  the 
purpose  of  going  out  and  posing ;  they  are  there  for  specific  pur- 
poses. They  should  so  conduct  themselves  that  the  impression 
left  with  the  general  public  is  that  they  are  gentlemen,  that  they 
are  intelligent  and  understand  exactly  what  they  are  about  and 
know  their  job. 

(<?)  Both  officers  and  men  should  take  into  consideration  the 
great  difference  between  the  classes  of  riots  and  rioters  in  deter- 
mining the  amount  of  force  to  be  used.  Riots  may  *be  divided  as 
follows : 

(1)  Those  participated  in  by  citizens,  usually  law  abiding  but 
temporarily  crazed  through  real  or  fancied  wrongs. 

(2)  Those  in  which  the  participants  are  entirely  vicious  and 
criminal. 

(3)  Those  assuming  the  nature  of  a  rebellion  against  the  law- 
ful government,  whether  the  participants  be  of  the  lawful  or 
criminal  classes. 

Though  from  a  military  viewpoint  all  may  be  the  same,  and 
from  a  legal  viewpoint  the  first  two  may  be  the  same,  it  is  obvi- 
ous that  every  effort  should  be  made  to  refrain  from  wounding 
or  killing  participants  in  the  first  class  of  rioters,  while  in  the 
second  and  third  cases  greater  force  is  necessary. 

194.  The  principles  here  given  should  be  called  to  the  subordi- 
nate's attention  as  well  as  the  legal  and  military  requirements, 
after  which  his  orders  should  be  merely  to  use  as  little  force  as  is 
possible  in  properly  performing  his  duty.     It  is  for  the  senior 


75 

present  on  each  occasion  to  determine  just  how  much  that  force 
is,  not  the  commanding  officer  some  distance  away. 

195.  Officers  should  never  alarm  the  troops  by  telling  them 
what  might  possibly  occur  in  the  way  of  attacks,  surprises,  etc., 
but  should  give  only  the  necessary  information,  making  the  or- 
ders and  instructions  broad  enough  to  cover  emergencies  with- 
out assigning  alarming  reasons  therefor.  At  night  the  indis- 
criminate firing  of  sentries  should  be  promptly  stopped. 

196.  Discipline. — The  one  way  in  which  troops  can  offset 
the  numerical  superiority  of  the  crowd  is  by  its  discipline.  One 
hour  of  effectively  applied  crowd  tactics  will  more  than  justify 
all  the  weeks  spent  in  executing  Squads  Right,  for  it  is  only 
through  the  discipline  and  precision  acquired  in  rigorous  close- 
order  drill  that  the  unit  can  be  sure  of  fulfilling  its  mission.  This 
point  should  be  particularly  impressed  on  all  the  men.  The 
minute  a  command,  coming  face  to  face  with  a  crowd  which  has 
in  it  the  elements  of  a  dangerous  mob,  loses  its  military  cohesion 
it  sinks  almost  to  the  level  of  the  crowd,  and  it  has  every  right 
to  expect  failure. 

197.  Arrests. — In  dealing  with-  a  crowd,  the  making  of  arrests 
requires  a  considerable  amount  of  good  judgment.  Arrests 
should,  of  course,  be  made  whenever  possible  in  case  of  actual 
violence ;  there  should  be  no  delay  in  capturing  any  man  seen 
to  throw  a  stone,  display  a  firearm  or  other  dangerous  weapon, 
or  to  damage  property.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  undesirable  to 
make  arrests  for  mere  stubbornness  in  obeying  orders,  if  the 
desired  result  can  be  attained  by  simpler  means.  It  is  needless 
to  say  that  every  order,  once  given,  must  be  absolutely  enforced  ; 
but  in  dealing  with  the  initial  stages  of  a  disorderly  crowd,  a 
combination  of  tact,  coolness,  and  determination  will  render 
many  an  arrest  unnecessary.  At  times,  however,  an  arrest  is 
exceedingly  desirable,  either  to  remove  a  persistent  trouble 
maker  from  the  scene  or  for  its  effect  on  the  crowd.  An  arrest, 
if  ordered,  should  be  made  at  once.  The  more  rapidly  the  order 
is  executed  the  greater  will  be  the  effect  on  those  who  witness  it. 
The  arrested  person  should  be  at  once  conveyed  away  from  the 
scene  and  promptly  turned  over  to  the  proper  civil  authorities ; 
the  man  making  the  arrest,  together  with  at  least  one  witness, 
should  always  accompany  the  prisoner  to  the  police  or  sheriff's 
office  in  order  to  give  a  clear  account  of  the  reasons  for  his 
arrest.  An  arrest  should  be  followed  up  by  legal  action.  A 
citizen  may  make  an  arrest  for  a  crime  attempted  or  committed 
in  his  presence.  / 


76 

198.  The  troops  should  not  be  divided  up  into  small  details 
and  sent  out  each  time  that  a  few  stones  are  thrown  by  indi- 
viduals, such  work  being  left  to  the  police  force. 

199.  The  troops  may  often  advantageously  take  entire  control 
of  a  certain  district  or  districts  where  the  disorder  is  greatest, 
thereby  permitting  the  larger  part  of  the  police  force  from  such 
districts  to  be  otherwise  distributed  throughout  the  city. 

200.  Arresting  rioters  in  private  houses. — If  during  the 
actual  progress  of  a  riot  a  rioter  commits  a  felony  or  breach  of 
the  peace,  or  a  felony  is  committed  and  there  are  reasonable 
grounds  to  believe  a  particular  rioter  has  committed  it,  any 
member  of  the  troops  on  duty  may,  without  warrant,  arrest  the 
rioter  at  once.  If  the  rioter,  after  committing  a  felony,  flees  to 
a  private  house  he  may  be  pursued  and  an  entrance  may  be 
forced  to  make  the  arrest,  but  as  a  matter  of  lawful  caution  a 
demand  for  the  surrender  of  the  culprit  should  be  made  before 
forcing  an  entrance.  If  necessary  to  force  an  entrance,  before 
doing  so  the  person  seeking  to  make  the  arrest  should  announce 
to  the  inmates  his  official  character  and  his  business  and 
demand  admission,  unless  it  is  quite  certain  these  are  already 
known,  in  order  that,  knowing  his  official  character,  there  may 
be  no  resistance  to  him.  If,  however,  an  interval  of  say  a 
number  of  hours  or  a  day  elapses  between  the  commission  of  the 
felony  and  the  effort  to  apprehend,  then  a  warrant  should  be 
obtained  from  the  civil  authorities,  and  the  civil  authorities, 
supported  by  the  troops,  would  have  every  power  to  make  the 
arrest. 

201.  Rig'ht  of  search. — Should  admission  on  a  search  war- 
rant be  refused,  you  demand  in  the  name  of  the  law  that  the 
door  be  opened — that  you  hold  a  warrant.  Then  wait  a  reason- 
able time,  and  if  the  door  is  not  opened  use  sufficient  force  to 
enter. 

202.  Arrest  of  minors. — Whenever  a  person  under  16  is  ar- 
rested, except  for  murder,  it  is  best  to  charge  such  person  with 
juvenile  delinquency,  no  matter  what  he  did.  Then  turn  him 
over  to  the  civil  authorities. 

203.  Disposition  of  persons  arrested. — Civilian  prisoners 
should  always  be  turned  over  to  the  civil  authorities  without 
unnecessary  delay,  charge  should  be  stated,  and  list  of  witnesses 
furnished.  Should  it  not  be  practicable  to  turn  the  prisoner 
over  to  the  civil  authorities  immediately,  he  may  be  detained  by 
the  military  so  long,  and  so  long  only,  as  the  necessity  of  the 
situation  requires. 


> 


77 

These  restrictons  upon  the  detention  of  civilians  as  prisoners 
by  the  military  do  not  apply  where  by  the  declaration  of  martial 
law  the  civil  power  has  been  superseded  by  military  authority. 

204.  Difference  between  a  felony  and  a  misdemeanor. — A 
felony  may  generally  be  defined  as  an  offense  that  is  punishable 
by  imprisonment  in  a  penitentiary  or  State  prison — for  example : 
Homicide,  assault  with  a  dangerous  weapon,  highway  robbery, 
burglary,  larceny,  rape,  arson.  Crimes  that  are  not  punishable 
by  imprisonment  in  a  penitentiary  or  State  prison  may  be  gen- 
erally defined  as  misdemeanors — for  example :  Drunkenness,  dis- 
orderly conduct,  carrying  of  concealed  weapons,  trespassing,  vio- 
lation of  city  ordinances,  etc. 

(a)  A  person  is  not  sentenced  to  a  State  prison  for  less  than  a 
year.  A  person  is  not  sentenced  to  a  county  jail,  city  prison,  or 
penitentiary  for  more  than  a  year.  In  the  penal  law  crimes 
which  are  punishable  by  imprisonment  for  more  than  a  year 
indicate  those  offenses  which  are  felonies;  when  the  crime  is  not 
punishable  by  imprisonment  for  more  than  a  year  such  crime  is 
a  misdemeanor.  , 

( b )  Foreigners  come  to  this  country  ;  the  Government  guaran- 
tees to  such  persons  when  they  land  here  first  protection,  police 
protection,  and  use  of  its  streets,  etc.,  and  in  return  the  only 
thing  the  Government  asks  is  that  the  alien  behave  himself 
properly  and  that  he  pay  his  taxes,  if  he  has  any  to  pay,  and,  if 
he  is  called  upon  to  assist  a  police  officer,  that  he  shall  do  it. 
If  he  does  not,  he  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

205.  Leg"al  definitions  of  crimes. — The  following  legal  defini- 
tions will  give  officers  a  practical  idea  of  the  meaning  of  the 
terms  defining  crimes.  A  criminal  act  committed  in  one  State 
might  be  a  felony  as  defined  by  the  laws  of  that  State,  while 
the  same  act  performed  in  another  State  might  be  only  a  mis- 
demeanor under  the  laws  of  the  second  State.  It  would  require, 
in  order  to  completely  define  these  terms  as  they  are  used  in 
State  laws,  a  separate  statement  of  the  definitions  prevailing 
in  each  State.  For  this  reason  the  word  "  felony  "  is  explained 
here  only  as  it  is  defined  in  relation  to  crimes  denounced  by  the 
Federal  Government.  *. 

Felony. — All  offenses  which  may  be  punished  by  death  or  im- 
prisonment for  a  term  exceeding  one  year  shall  be  deemed 
felonies.     (Federal  Penal  Code.) 

Examples  of  felonies. — Murder,  manslaughter,  assault  with 
intent  to  kill  or  with  intent  to  commit  a  felony,  burglary,  rob- 


78 

bery,  grand  larceny,  rape,  arson,  forgery,  suffering  prisoner  held 
under  laws  of  the  United  States  to  escape,  etc. 

Misdemeanor. — Misdemeanors  comprise  all  offenses  lower  than 
felonies  which  may  be  the  subject  of  indictment.  (1  Wharton 
Criminal  Law,  sec.  28;  Federal  Penal  Code.) 

Example  of  misdemeanors. — Simple  assault,  larceny  of  prop- 
erty under  $50  (Federal  law),  aiding  escape  from  internment 
(Federal  law),  obstructing  officer  in  serving  process  of  United 
States  court. 

Burglary. — At  common  law  burglary  was  the  breaking  and 
entering  the  dwelling  house  of  another  in  the  night  time  with 
intent  to  commit  a  felony  therein.  By  statute  many  States  have 
extended  the  same  to  include  breaking  and  entering  buildings 
other  than  dwelling  houses,  and  also  in  the  day  time.  (Bishop, 
Criminal  Law,  vol.  1,  sec.  559.) 

Larceny. — (1)  Grand  larceny  is  the  taking  and  carrying  away, 
with  intent  to  steal  or  purloin,  any  personal  property  of  another 
of  a  value  exceeding  $50.  Petit  larceny  is  the  taking  and  carry- 
ing away,  with  intent  to  steal  or  purloin,' any  personal  property 
of  another  of  the  value  of  $50  or  less.     (Federal  Penal  Code.) 

(2)  Larceny  by  the  common  law  is  the  felonious  taking  and 
carrying  away  by  any  person  of  the  personal  goods  of  another. 
By  State  statute  larceny  is  divided  into  petit  and  grand  ac- 
cording to  the  value  of  the  goods  taken,  the  dividing  line  being 
frequently  placed  at  $25.     (Bishop,  Criminal  Law.) 

Assault. —  (1)  Felony.  Whoever  assaults  another  with  intent 
to  commit  murder,  rape,  or  any  felony ;  or  whoever,  with  intent 
to  do  bodily  harm  and  without  just  cause  or  excuse,  assaults 
another  with  a  dangerous  weapon,  instrument,  or  other  thing  is 
guilty  of  a  felony.     (Federal  Penal  Code.) 

(2)  Misdemeanor.  Whoever,  without  felonious  intent,  unlaw- 
fully strikes,  beats,  or  wounds  another  or  unlawfully  assaults 
him  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.     (Federal  Penal  Code.) 

(3)  Assault  is  any  unlawful  physical  force,  partly  or  fully 
put  in  motion,  creating  a  reasonable  apprehension  of  immediate 
physical  injury  to  a  human  being.  Standing  alone,  it  is  a  mis- 
demeanor ;  but  when  combined  with  a  felonious  intent  or  offense, 
a  felony  may  result.     (2  Bishop,  Criminal  Law,  sees.  23,  56.) 

Arson. — At  common  law,  arson  is  the  malicious  burning  of 
another's  house.  By  statute  in  most  States,  the  offense  is  ex- 
tended to  include  the  burning  of  shops  and  other  structures  not 


79 

used  for  habitation.  (1  McClain,  Criminal  Law,  p.  507;  Bishop, 
Criminal  Law,  vol.  1,  p.  559.) 

Breach  of  the  peace. — A  breach  of  the  peace  may  consist  of  a 
criminal  act  of  the  sort  which  disturbs  the  public  repose,  or  of 
acts  of  public  turbulence,  in  violation  of  the  public  peace,  such  as 
a  public  prize  fight ;  of  an  invasion  of  the  citizen's  right  of  per- 
sonal security ;  or  of  acts  such  as  tend  to  excite  violent  resent- 
ment. Actual  personal  violence  is  not  always  necessary  to  cre- 
ate the  offense,  but  when  not  necessary,  the  conduct  and  lan- 
guage of  the  wrongdoers  must  be  of  such  a  character  as  to  induce 
terror  or  fear  of  personal  violence.  (Bargar,  Law  or  Riot  Duty, 
sec.  108.) 

206.  Traffic  regulations. — When  there  is  traffic  to  be  regu- 
lated don't  overregulate  it.  If  traffic  is  going  along  smoothly 
and  safely,  leave  it  alone.  Give  the  people  the  most  possible 
freedom  in  the  use  of  streets  consistent  with  safety.  Some  per- 
sons who  are  supposed  to  regulate  traffic  actually  retard  and 
impede  it.  They  have  their  arms  swinging  around  like  wind- 
mills and  nobody  knows  what  they  are  doing.  Never  argue  with 
drivers.  Nothing  shows  weakness  quicker  than  arguing  with  a 
driver.  You  have  no  right  to  rebuke  anybody  for  violating  law 
or  orders.  You  arrest  a  person  for  violating  the  law,  but  you 
have  no  authority  or  right  to  rebuke  him.  If  you  are  going 
to  arrest  him,  do  so.  Have  no  argument — because  if  you  are 
arguing  with  him  he  has  stopped  and  you  are  retarding  traffic. 
In  the  regulation  of  traffic  you  will  have  the  moral  support  of 
everybody  except  the  person  who  is  violating  the  traffic  laws 
or  the  unruly  element.  Everyone  else  is  with  you.  Do  not 
attempt  to  bulldoze  people.  You  can  get  just  as  much  action 
by  speaking  in  a  firm,  courteous  manner  to  a  driver  as  you  can 
by  attempting  to  bulldoze  him.  Losing  your  temper  generally 
means  losing  effectiveness.  When  necessary  to  stop  traffic  of 
vehicles  in  one  direction,  select  a  driver  far  enough  away  to 
make  it  possible  for  him  to  stop  in  the  place  you  desire. 

f 


Chapter  XVI. 

PRINCIPLES  FOR  OFFICERS. 

207.  In  an  admirable  pamphlet  by  Maj.  Gen.  David  C.  Shanks, 
entitled  "  Management  of  the  American  Soldier,"  a  number  of 
excellent  principles  are  given,  based  on  practical  knowledge  in 
the  handling  of  men.  Some  of  this  valuable  advice  is  here  re- 
produced for  the  information  of  those  concerned. 

( a )  The  best  grip  any  officer  can  have  on  the  American  soldier 
is  on  his  pride.  Therefore  do  everything  possible  to  build  up 
the  soldier's  pride  in  himself  and  in  his  record.  Constantly 
appeal  to  him  to  keep  a  clean  and  an  honorable  record. 

(&)  Treat  the  American  soldier  as  a  man,  look  him  squarely 
in  the  eye  when  you  talk  to  him,  and  treat  him  justly. 

(c)  Never  do  anything  to  lessen  the  respect  of  the  soldier  for 
himself.  Never  put  a  young  soldier  in  the  guardhouse  if  it  is 
possible  to  avoid  it.  Many  a  young  soldier  gets  started  wrong 
by  being  kept  in  the  guardhouse  with  bad  men  who  are  confined 
there  because  they  can  be  managed  in  no  other  way. 

(d)  As  far  as  possible  use  company  punishment.  Men  respect 
an  officer  more  who  is  able  to  handle  his  men  without  having  to 
use  outside  means  for  discipline.  To  be  able  to  run  your  com- 
pany yourself  is  a  great  asset ;  be  careful  not  to  lose  it. 

(e)  Give  short  talks  to  men  on  subjects  which  they  ought  to 
know.  Be  sure  the  talks  are  short.  Have  something  to  say; 
say  it ;  then  stop. 

(f)  Teach  the  soldier  to  have  proper  respect  for  his  uniform. 
Teach  him  that  if  he  becomes  reeling  drunk  in  his  uniform  or 
wears  it  to  low  dives  he  brings  discredit  upon  himself  and  upon 
the  uniform  of  his  country. 

(g)  Be  extremely  careful  about  your  manner  in  dealing  with 
soldiers;  they  are  entitled  to  a  respectful  and  patient  hearing. 
Some  officers  seem  to  go  on  the  theory  that  military  efficiency 
consists  in  a  loud  voice  and  an  impatient  manner. 

(h)  Don't  attempt  to  gain  cheap  popularity  by  unofficerlike 
acts.  Soldiers  are  not  slow  to  size  up  an  officer.  They  soon 
learn  whether  his  interest  in  his  men  is  feigned  or  real.    They 

(80) 


81 

respect  and  admire  the  officer  who  requires  a  strict  performance 
of  duty.  The  true  rule  for  handling  soldiers  is :  Don't  nag  them  ; 
don't  neglect  them ;  don't  coddle  them. 

(i)  Put  responsibility  for  the  squad  squarely  upon  the 
shoulders  of  the  corporal  of  the  squad.  Make  him  look  after 
every  detail — instruction,  equipment,  dress,  neatness,  general 
appearance,  behavior. 

(j)  If  any  company  officer  can  not  call  every  man  of  his  com- 
pany by  name,  he  should  get  busy  at  once. 

(k)  The  officer  who  wants  to  succeed  must  be  loyal  to  those 
above  him.  He  is  then  on  solid  ground  for  expecting  it  from 
those  below  him. 

(I)  The  value  of  any  officer  to  the  Government  depends  in 
large  part  upon  how  much  attention  he  gives  to  duty.  It  is  not 
how  much  ability  an  officer  has,  but  how  well  he  uses  what  he 
does  have,  that  determines  his  value  to  the  Government. 

(m)  It  is  the  duty  of  the  officer  to  prove  his  title  and  his 
worth  by  exhibiting  superior  knowledge.  No  organization  will 
long  respect  an  officer  who  has  not  the  knowledge  properly  to 
instruct  his  men. 

(n)  Justice  and  promptness  are  the  foundations  of  military 
discipline  and  military  efficiency.  It  takes  a  level-headed  man 
to  maintain  discipline  and  yet  have  every  man  feel  that  he  has- 
had  a  square  deal. 

(o)  Teach  the  soldiers  to  be  neat  in  person  and  clean  and 
sober  in  their  lives.  Force  of  example  is  the  greatest  of  all  aids 
in  this  respect. 

(p)  There  is  something  to  be  done;  the  efficient  officer  sets  to 
work  earnestly  and  loyally  to  do  it,  overcoming  obstacles  as  he 
goes  along.  The  inefficient  officer  either  does  nothing  or  spends 
his  time  discussing  difficulties  or  in  suggesting  some  other  plan 
more  to  his  liking. 

128298—19 6 


Appendix  A. 

Sample  of  an  Order  from  a  Civil  Official  to  a  Military  Officer 
Specifying  the  Acts  Which  the  Troops  Are  to  Perform. 

The  Commanding  Officer, 

Detachment,  91st  N.  J.  Infantry. 

Sib: 

You  are  hereby  directed  to  protect  the  lines  of  the 

Street  railway  on  Clinton  Street,  between  State  and 

Perry  Streets,  and  on  State  Street,  between  Clinton  and  Mon- 
mouth Streets,  in  the  city  of 

You  will  please  prevent  the  blocking  or  delaying  of  traffic  or 
the  injury  of  the  passengers,  employees,  or  damaging  of  property 
of  the  said  company ;  wTill  prevent  lounging  or  idling  in  the  as- 
signed district  and  the  formation  of  crowds  and  will  arrest  and 
turn  over  to  the  civil  authorities  all  persons  committing  or  at- 
tempting to  commit  acts  which  you  are  instructed  to  prevent 
and  all  other  disorderly  persons. 
Respectfully, 

John  Doe,  Sheriff. 


Appendix  B. 


Sample  of  an  Order,  or  Proclamation,  Issued  by  an  Officer 
Assuming  Command  of  a  District  Placed  Under  Martial 
Law. 

Headquarters, 

The  county  of having  been  declared  by 

the  governor  of  the  State  of to  be  in  a  state  of 

insurrection  and  rebellion  and  the  military  forces  of  the  State 
having  been  ordered  by  the  governor  and  commander  in  chief  to 
assume  charge  and  restore  order  in  said  county,  the  commanding 
officer  of  said  military  forces  hereby  proclaims  the  following 
rules  and  regulations,  which  will  be  in  force  until  further 
orders : 

(82) 


83 

(1)  AH  persons  in  the  possession  of  arms,  equipments,  and 
munitions  of  war  are  required  to  surrender  the  same  on  or 
before to  the (indi- 
cating the  officer  or  officers)   at ,  taking 

receipt  for  the  same. 

(2)  All  persons  who  may  heretofore  have  given  aid  to  or 
otherwise  supported  the  lawlessness  Hitherto  existing  in  this 
county  who  shall  return  to  peaceful  occupations,  holding  no 
communication  of  any  kind  with  a  lawless  person  or  persons, 
will  not  be  disturbed. 

(3)  All  rights  of  property  of  whatever  kind  will  be  held 
inviolate  and  will  not  be  disturbed,  except  as  the  exigencies  of 
the  public  welfare  may  necessitate,  by  direct  command  of  the 
commanding  officer  of  the  district. 

(4)  All  shops  and  places  of  business,  except  as  hereinafter 
provided,  will  be  kept  open  as  usual  in  times  of  peace,  and  all 
persons  are  enjoined  to  continue  their  customary  peaceful  occu- 
pations. 

(5)  Excepting  as  herein  provided  or  where  the  existence  of 
martial  law  implies  the  contrary  the  usual  laws  of  the  com- 
munity will  be  in  force.  Crimes  will  be  subject  to  proper  au- 
thority.    Civil  cases  will  await  the  ordinary  tribunals. 

(6)  No  publication,  either  by  newspaper,  pamphlet,  handbill, 
or  otherwise,  reflecting  in  any  way  upon  the  United  States  or 

the  State  of ,  or  their  officers,  or  tending 

to  influence  the  public  mind  against  the  United  States  or  the 

State  of ,  or  their  officers,  and  no  article 

commenting  in  any  way  on  the  work  or  action  of  the  military 
authorities  will  be  permitted. 

(7)  All  assemblages  in  the  streets,  either  by  day  or  by  night, 
are  prohibited. 

(8)  Any  persons  found  on  the  streets  who  appear  to  be 
habitually  idle  and  without  visible  means  of  support  will  be 
placed  under  arrest. 

(9)  While  it  is  the  desire  of  the  authorities  to  exercise  the 
powers  of  martial  law  mildly,  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  they 
will  not  be  vigorously  and  firmly  enforced  as  occasion  arises. 

By  command  of 


Adjutant  _- Military  District. 


INDEX. 

Page. 

Absence  of  leadership 29 

Aids  to  protection  at  night 66 

Appendix  A 82 

Appendix  B 82 

Arresting  rioters  in  private  houses 76 

Arrests 75 

Arrest  of  minors 76 

Arson 78 

Assault 78 

Assemblage  of  troops 10 

Attacked 43 

Attack  of  cities  when  armed  resistance  is  expected  or  when  in  possession  of  the 

enemy 23 

Attack  of  houses 43 

Attack  on  a  mob,  The 42 

Avoided 43 

Barricades 44 

Billeting  troops 65 

Breach  of  the  peace 79 

Burglary 78 

Closing  saloons 72 

Concentration 41 

Conduct,  appearance  and  force  used 73 

Crowd 28 

Crowd  tactics— A 30 

Decision 40 

Defending  buildings 45 

Definition  of  crowds  and  mobs 28 

Deployed  line,  The 36 

Destruction  of  crops 65 

Diagonal,  The 33 

Difference  between  a  felony  and  a  misdemeanor 77 

Discipline 75 

Disposition  of  persons  arrested 76 

Division 41 

Electric  pocket  lights 69 

Employment,  of  the  wedge 37 

Examples  of  felonies 77 

Example  of  misdemeanors 78 

Felony , 77 

Field  guns,  with  projectiles 69 

Figure  1— Squad  wedge  from  line  assembled 32 

2— Squad  diagonal  (guide  right)  (guide  left)  from  line  assembled 34 

3— Squad  deployed  from  line  assembled 37 

4 — Platoon  in  wedge  and  diagonal  formation  with  platoon  in  support. .  38 

5 — Chief,  assistants,  selected  men 53 

(85) 


86 

Pag«. 

Flanks ; 41 

Force 40 

Foreword 7 

Formations  for  crowd  tactics 31 

Getting  there  first 29 

Ground  for  encampments 65 

Guarding  bridges .' 49 

Habeas  corpus 59 

Hand  grenades 43 

Importance  of  quelling  riots  in  their  incipient  stage,  The 18 

Important  general  rules  of  riot  duty 14 

Intelligence 52 

Interior 28 

Interior  tactics— D .• 50 

Isolated 43 

Larceny 78 

Legal 54 

Legal  aspects  of  riot  duty : 9 

Legal  definitions  of  crimes 77 

Liability  of  officers : 60 

Lighting  of  boundary  fences 67 

Machine  and  field  guns 69 

Main  body,  The 25 

Marching  through  and  clearing  city  streets 20 

Martial  law— A 54 

Meeting  and  dispersing  a  mob 26 

Ministers 72 

Misdemeanor 78 

Mob 28 

Mob  tactics— B 42 

Mobs  as  a  rule  are  made  up  of  cowards 19 

Moment  for  mob  tactics 50 

Motor  patrols 13 

Mounted  men : 43 

Never  try  to  bluff  a  mob 16 

Night  guards 22 

One  man  in  command 40 

Open  country 28 

Open  country  tactics— C 50 

Patrols -.'y. 41 

Plan 41 

Plenty  of  men  needed 39 

Police  functions 4 71 

Power  of  troops  in  aid  of  the  civil  authorities 62 

Principles  for  officers 80 

Private  property  of  prisoners  ..* 64 

Protecting  railroads 48 

Protection  of  street  railways 47 


87 

Page. 

Protective  lights 66 

Provost  marshals 64 

Public  meetings 72 

Punishments 59 

Receipts 65 

Reports 41 

Reserves 39 

Reserves  with  firearms 50 

Revolvers 69 

Rifle  and  bayonet 69 

Right  of  search 76 

Riot  sticks 70 

Roof  detachment,  The 24 

Ruffian  element  of  a  community,  The 28 

Safe  conducts 57 

Sample  of  an  order  from  a  civil  official  to  a  military  officer  specifying  the  acts 

which  the  troops  are  to  perform 82 

Sample  of  an  order  or  proclamation  issued  by  an  officer  assuming  command  of  a 

district  placed  under  martial  law * 82 

Searching  detachment,  The 24 

Sentries 73 

Service  of  information,  The 52 

Shotguns 70 

Street  detachment,  The 23 

Street  railways,  protection  of 47 

Suitable  ammunition  for  each  weapon 69 

Supports .-, 38 

Surprise 40 

Tactics 28 

Traffic  regulations • 79 

Transition  from  crowd  to  mob 28 

Transportation  of  troops 11 

Use  of  bayonet 21 

Verbal  abuse .' 58 

Weapons , 69 

Wedge ,  The : 32 

Written  orders  and  reports 51 


O 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


A^;l.**n 


AUG    8**' 


OCI  16  1967  90 


SEP  2  0 1983 


m     t       1  '       i 


SD  *jANTA  BARBARA 
.  .  f^rERLIBRARY  LOAN 


SANTA  CRUI 


1NTERLIBRARY 

JUL  2  3  1974 


LO, 


JUL2  41974.    I 


m  *jan 


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(H241slO)476B 


General  Library 

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